Phonological Development Flashcards
affects speech perception and consequently speech production.
hearing loss
a birth defect that affects airflow stream and the ability to articulate speech sounds.
cleft lip or cleft palate
motor speech disorder affecting speech production in young children.
childhood apraxia of speech
most common motor disability in childhood and affects speech motor control, causing problems with respiration, phonation, and articulation.
cerebral palsy
is calculated by comparing the accuracy of consonants in the child’s word productions with the adult pronunciation.
percent of consonant correct (PCC)
this is done by calculating a measure called Percent of Consonants Correct (PCC).
examine overall accuracy
how many sounds can they produce?.
Analyse their phonetic inventory
Being able to make two different positions of articulation within a single word can often be difficult for young children.
assimilation
A change in one sound to make it more like another sound.
assimilation
Word pronunciations are often affected by length of the word and its accent or stress patterns.
affect of prosody
sequences of two or more consonants.
cluster reduction
regulation of vocal fold vibration.
phonation
This preference for words containing “favorite sounds”.
lexical selection
words the child has made up to refer to an object such as saying ‘bu’ when asking for a cup.
Protowords
The last stage of babbling generally overlaps with the early period of meaningful speech.
Jargon stage (10 months and older)
The prime feature of this period is the appearance of this stage—that is, sequences of consonant–vowel syllables with adultlike timing.
Canonical babbling (6 months and older)
In this stage, babies seem to be testing their vocal apparatus, producing very loud and very soft sounds (yells and whispers), and very high and very low sounds (squeals and growls).
Vocal play (4 to 6 months)
Rapid growth of the head and neck area allows production of a greater variety of sounds.
Cooing and laughter (2 to 4 months)
Most vocalizations in this stage are reflexive (crying and fussing), or vegetative (coughing, burping, and sneezing).
Reflexive vocalizations (birth to 2 months)
/i/ (beet), /ı/ (bit), /u/ (boot), and /ʊ/ (put); are sounds produced in top of mouth.
high vowels
/eı/, (bait), /ɛ/ (bet), /ʌ/ (putt), /ɝ/ (purr), /oʊ/ (boat), and /ɔ/ (taught); Sounds produced in middle of mouth.
mid vowels
/æ/ (pat), and /ɑ/ (pot); Sounds produced in bottom of mouth.
low vowels
/æʊ/ occurs in house and cow, and /ɔı/ in boy
and void; consist of two vowel sounds.
diphthongs
/ə/ about, llama, potato, and telephone; occurs only in unstressed syllables-pronunciation varies slightly across words.
schwa
produced without vocal fold vibration.
Voiceless
produced with vocal fold vibration.
Voiced
nasals, liquids, and glides, are voiced.
sonorants
(Stops, fricatives, affricates) are additionally classified as “voiced” or “voiceless.”.
Obstruent consonants
(Stops, fricatives, affricates) are additionally classified as “voiced” or “voiceless.”.
Obstruent consonants
less constriction than other consonants, share some phonetic characteristics with vowels.
Approximant (Liquids & glides)
Air released through nasal passage.
Nasal
begin like a stop, end like a fricative – cannot be prolonged like fricatives.
Affricates
(Front to back) narrowing (but not closing) of the articulators so that the airstream creates friction as it passes through.
Fricatives
(Bilabial to velar) short, quick release of air after closed stricture.
Stops (plosives)
(Stops, fricatives & affricates) they fully/partially obstruct the flow of air.
OBSTRUENTS
(Nasals, liquids & glides) air flows smoothly out the nose or oral cavity.
SONORANTS
produced by narrowing the glottis (back of throat), sometimes by narrowing pharynx/other parts of oral cavity).
glottal
back of the tongue touches the velum (soft palate, behind the hard palate).
velar
tongue is rather close to the hard palate.
Palatal
tongue near or contacting the hard palate, and/or the slope leading up to it from the alveolar ridge.
Pre-Palatal
front part of the tongue in contact with or very close to alveolar ridge.
Alveolar
tongue lightly touching the upper teeth, or projecting out slightly beyond them.
Interdental
lower lip resting lightly against the upper teeth - slight space between the lip & teeth for air to escape.
Labiodental
produced with closed lips.
Labial
produced with lips protruding & almost closed.
bilabial
the presence or absence of vocal fold vibration during production.
Voicing
how the air flows while the sound is being made.
manner of articulation
the place where the constriction is tightest; which upper articulator is closest to the lower articulator.
place of articulation
