Phonological Approach

Question 1

What are phonological processes? How do kids learn?

Answer 1

Rules used by children to help them get by with speech. Children learn by rule rather than by sound!

Question 2

Who is the phonological approach used for?

Answer 2

Kids who are highly unintelligible with a lot of phonological processes that need to be addressed.

Question 3

What is Hodson’s Assessment of Phonological Processes?

Answer 3

Test that is descriptive in nature. Comes with a bag full of toys that kids can talk about, in order to produce natural productions from child.

Question 4

What is the Khan Lewis? What does it measure? What is it used for? Who is it Normed for?

Answer 4

Used in conjunction with the GFTA, the test used most often. The usage of ten phonological processes is measured to derive a normative score for insurance companies. Normed for ages 2 through 21-11.

Question 5

What are the phonological processes analyzed by the KLPA?

Answer 5

Reduction processes, place and manner processes, voicing processes, non developmental processes

Question 6

What are the reduction processes?

Answer 6

Deletion of final, syllable reduction, stopping of fricatives/Affricates, cluster simplification, liquid simplification

Question 7

What are place and manner processes?

Answer 7

Velar fronting, palatal fronting, Deaffrication

Question 8

What are the voicing processes?

Answer 8

Initial voicing

Final devoicing

Question 9

How many processes not included in KLPA can describe articulation?

Answer 9

34 – not included bc no developmental, infrequent, or dialect/region differences

Question 10

What are non developmental processes?

Answer 10

Deletion of initial consonants, glottal replacement, backing to velars - any consonant to velar, stridency deletion

Question 11

How do we choose processes for remediation?

Answer 11

Used to be

Question 12

How to use KLPA?

Answer 12

Use GFTA transcriptions, use sound change booklet and mark processes that occur. Bold count towards score, italics don’t. Find how often each occurred- find raw score and standard score.

Question 13

Who is phonological therapy designed for? What approach does treatment follow?

Answer 13

Highly unintelligible children, with moderate to severe articulation problems. Treatment follows cycle approach.

Question 14

What is a cycle? What is it used for? Why?

Answer 14

A time period during which all phonological patterns that need remediation are worked on. Any process that occurs over 40% of the time needs remediation. Used to correct phonological processes- cycles more closely approximate the way in which normal phonological development occurs than teaching phonemes one by one.

Question 15

What is a process? What is a pattern?

Answer 15

A process is what you are trying to remove. A pattern is what you are teaching. For example final consonant deletion is a process, teaching final consonants is a pattern. Processes are eliminated by working on patterns.

Question 16

How long is a cycle?

Answer 16

Varies depending on deficient patterns and stimulable phonemes in each pattern. 5-6 weeks to 15-16 weeks.

Question 17

What happens through cycles?

Answer 17

Complexity of cycle increases gradually by incorporating production practice words with more difficult phonetic environments and by grouping phonemes within target patterns.

FIrst time one phoneme in a process each day. S one ssn z one ssn, second cycle you pair cognates, working on multiple phonemes in a ssn. S and z

Question 18

What happens to patterns after multiple cycles?

Answer 18

Recycled until each of target patterns emerges in spontaneous utterances. Work through all deficient patterns in cycle before retest. Retest to see occurence- if less than 40 than no longer a target.

Question 19

How long should each phoneme be targeted per cycle?

Answer 19

Each phoneme in a pattern should be targeted for 60 min/cycle

Question 20

How long does it take to achieve intelligibility in cycles?

Answer 20

3-6 cycles, 30-40 hours, 40-60 min/wk to see improvement.

Question 21

Can we only target those that occur over 40 percent?

Answer 21

No, if you consider it a problem, target it.

Question 22

How to write a phonological therapy short term goal?

Answer 22

___ will suppress the process of ___ in spontaneous c-v-c words ___ of the time.
___ will produce ___ in spontaneous c-v-c words ___ of the time.
___ will increase intelligibility from ___ to ___

Question 23

How do we select targets/phonemes?

Answer 23

First choose processes that affect child’s intelligibility the most. So, syll reduction, dfc, stopping fricatives, then velar fronting.

Question 24

Do you have to work on a certain word position?

Answer 24

No, can vary certain positions or all positions.

Question 25

What occurs in cycle 2? Cycles 3-7?

Answer 25

Continue targeting patterns, recycling phonemes and add more words and phonemes if stimulable, add words with more phonetic complexity. Cycles 3-7 same method, more words, expand complexity of words.

Question 26

What is the structure of a cycles session

Answer 26

Review preceding sessions word cards
Auditory bombardment (child listens through heads eat to day’s list of words with target phoneme)
Introduce words to child- use easy ones, draw/color words, says, writes
Experiential play production- practice activities to help child hear and practice phoneme- story telling, pretend play etc
Probe stimulability for next session’s targets
Repeat auditory bombardment
Give hw- 2 min day which must be 100% accurate before taking home- child names words on cards, adult reads list while child listens.

Question 27

What is written on form?

Answer 27

Production play activities, word list, goals

Question 28

When do we retest?

Answer 28

At end of each cycle.

Question 29

Should we take data during session?

Answer 29

Yes, used to think interfered- now we need for insurance!

Question 30

Which sounds develop first? Last?

Answer 30

Bilabials and stops, last are liquids, glides…