Phonetics & Phonology Flashcards
Bilabial Fricative ‘Hissy’
ɸ (voiceless): ‘F’ in Fuji
ß (voiced): ‘V’ vaso, like half B
Labiodental Fricative
F (voiceless), V (voiced)
Place of Articulation/Manner
Bilabial Stop
P (voiceless), B (voiced)
Place of Articulation/Manner
Alveolar Stop
T (voiceless), D (voiced)
Place of Articulation/Manner
Velar Stop
K (voiceless), G (voiced)
Glottal Stop
ʔ, ‘tt’ in ‘cotton
Interdental Fricative ‘Hissy’
θ(voiceless) ‘th’ in thick
ð (voiced), ‘th’ in ‘the’
Alveolar Fricative
S (voiceless)
Z (voiced)
Alveopalatal Fricative
ʃ (voiceless), ‘s’ in ‘measure’
ʒ (voiced), ‘sh’ in ‘shirt’
Velar Fricative ‘Hissy’
X, ‘ch’ in ‘Bach’
ɣ, ‘rr’ in the Portuguese ‘carro’
Uvular Fricative
ʁ (voiced), ‘r’ in rapport
Glottal Fricative ‘Hissy’
h (voiceless), ‘h’ in ‘high’
Alveopalatal Affricate
tʃ (voiceless) ‘ch’ in ‘chuck’
dʒ (voiced), ‘j’ in ‘joe’
Bilabial Nasal
m (voiced)
Alveolar Nasal
n (voiced)
Velar Nasal
ŋ (voiced), ‘ng’ in ‘singer’
Alveolar Liquid
l (lateral)
r (rhotic)
Alveopalatal Glides
j, ‘i’ in ‘joint’
Velar Glides
w (voiced)
Consonants
P
‘P’ in ‘person’
Consonants
B
‘B’ in ‘butt’
Consonants
T
‘T’ in ‘tattoo’
Consonants
D
‘d’ in ‘dedo’
Consonants
K
‘c’ in ‘caga’
Consonants
G
‘g’ in ‘gato’
Consonants
F
‘f’ in ‘follow’
Consonants
V
‘v’ in ‘velar’
Consonants
S
’s’ in ‘sound’
Consonants
Z
’s’ in ‘hands’
Consonants
H
‘h’ in ‘high’
Consonants
M
‘m’ in ‘manner’
Consonants
N
‘n’ in ‘nasal’
Consonants
L
‘l’ in ‘lapa’
Consonants
R
‘r’ in ‘rape’
Consonants
J
‘i’ in ‘joint’
Consonants
W
‘w’ in ‘water’
ɸ (voiceless)
‘F’ in Fuji
ß (voiced)
‘V’ vaso, like half B
ʔ
‘tt’ in ‘cotton
θ(voiceless)
‘th’ in thick
ð (voiced)
‘th’ in ‘the’
ʃ (voiceless)
’s’ in ‘measure’
ʒ (voiced)
‘sh’ in ‘shirt’
X
‘ch’ in ‘Bach’
ɣ
‘rr’ in the Portuguese ‘carro’
ʁ (voiced)
‘r’ in rapport
h (voiceless)
‘h’ in ‘high’
tʃ (voiceless)
‘ch’ in ‘chuck’
dʒ (voiced)
‘j’ in ‘joe’
ŋ (voiced)
‘ng’ in ‘singer’
ɾ (flap)
‘dd’ in ‘pudding’
i
‘i’ in ‘primo
vowels
Front high
i (tense), ‘i’ in ‘primo’
ɪ (lax, unrounded), ‘i’ in ‘bid’
vowels
Central high
ɨ, ‘e’ in ‘roses’
Back High Sounds
u, ‘oo’ in ‘food’
ʊ, ‘u’ in ‘put’
Front Middle Sounds
e, ‘a’ in ‘bagel’
ɛ, ‘e’ in ‘lemon’
Central Middle
ɘ (schwa), ‘e’ in ‘bagel’
ʌ, ‘u’ in ‘but’
Back Middle
o, [rod] = rode
ɔ (cookie), ‘aw’ in ‘raw’
Front Low
æ, ‘a’ in ‘cat’
Back Low
a, ‘a’ in ‘manzana’
vowels
a
‘a’ in ‘manzana’
vowels
e
‘a’ in ‘bagel’
vowels
i
‘i’ in ‘primo’
vowels
o
[rod] = rode
vowels
u
‘oo’ in ‘food’
vowels
y
‘ü’ in German or ‘u’ in ‘lune’
ʊ
‘u’ in ‘put’
ɨ
‘e’ in ‘roses’
ɪ (lax, unrounded)
‘i’ in ‘bid’
ɛ
‘e’ in ‘lemon’
ɘ (schwa)
‘e’ in ‘bagel’
ʌ
‘u’ in ‘but’
ɔ (cookie)
‘aw’ in ‘raw’
æ
‘a’ in ‘cat’
Important Things to Remember
- Common Trend: Voiceless things become voiced between vowels.
- Always make rules for allophones, not phonemes
- The Schwa is always in an unaccented syllable while the caret is always accented
- The ‘flap’ usually happens between a stressed and an unstressed syllable. It’s not a real sound, but an allophone
- Brackets [] are used for phonemic representation, for the surface, while slashes // are used to describe the underlying stuff.
- A vowel becomes nasal when it comes before ‘n’
- Natural classes: [n m ŋ] and [p, t, k, b, d, g]
Phoneme
The smallest unit in the sound system of a language. It is used to distinguish between meanings of words. They can be pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones.
A phoneme is manifested as one of more phones in different environments. These phones are called allophones.
Minimal Pair
Two words that differ in only one sound
lip
rip
Allophone
Phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language
[p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/
a flap is not a real sound, but an allophone.
Phones
Phonetic sounds that always sound the same. It’s the smallest identifyiable unit that can be transcribed with an IPA symbol.
Phonetics
Analyzes the production of all human speech sounds, regardless of language.
Phonology
The study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.
Basis for further work in morphology, syntax, discourse, etc
Analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by determining which phonetic sounds are significant and explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the native speaker.
