Phonetics & Phonology

Question 1

Phonetics

Answer 1

the study of how we make speech sounds and how we organize these sounds.

Question 2

Phonology

Answer 2

the study of the patters that speech sounds form within a language

Question 3

Phonology & Phonetics
Connected speech processes
= Assimilation

Answer 3

occurs when a speech sound changes to become more like a neighboring sound. this change can be in terms of place of articulation, manner of articulation or voicing.
ex. ‘handbag’ pronounced ‘hanbag’

Question 4

Phonology & Phonetics
Connected speech processes
= Vowel Reduction

Answer 4

in unstressed syllables, vowels often become less distinct and are reduced to a more central vowel, typically a schwa /ə/.

ex. (American pronunciation) of banana. the first sound is reduced and not pronounced with the same quality as the stressed vowel in the second syllable.

Question 5

Phonology & Phonetics
Connected speech processes
= Elision

Answer 5

involves the omission of a sound or syllable in spoken language, such as in the contraction of phrases. ex. ‘I have’ —> ‘I’ve, with elision of of the ‘h’ and ‘a’ sounds.

Question 6

Phonology & Phonetics
Connected speech processes
= Insertion

Answer 6

involves the addition of sounds, often occurring for the ease of pronunciation.

ex. ‘warmth’ often has an extra /p/ sound inserted in some dialects, making it sound like ‘warmpth’

Question 7

Phonology & Phonetics
Prosodic features of speech
= Pitch

Answer 7

the relative height, ranging between high and low, of auditory sound

Question 8

Phonology & Phonetics
Prosodic features of speech
= Intonation

Answer 8

relates to the pattern of pitch variation across phrases, clauses and sentences

Question 9

Phonology & Phonetics
Prosodic features of speech
= Stress

Answer 9

the intensity that is placed upon a syllable within a word. the speaker may increase the length, volume or itch of the syllable compared to its surrounding syllables, to create emphasis

Question 10

Phonology & Phonetics
Prosodic features of speech
= Tempo

Answer 10

relates to the pace (speed) with which an intonation unit is delivered.

Question 11

Phonology & Phonetics
Prosodic features of speech
= Volume

Answer 11

The relative increase or decrease in decibels across an intonation unit. increasing volume on a single syllable can create stress. when it occurs across a longer stretch of an intonation unit, it must be analyzed within the situational context

Question 12

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Answer 12

a system of symbols that are used to represent the sounds in human speech. it encompasses all languages and uses all languages and uses symbols to represent each sound (phoneme)

Question 13

Phonological Patterning: Consider consider why an author might have created such an effect.

Answer 13

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Question 14

Phonological Patterning
= Alliteration

Answer 14

the repetition of phonemes at the beginning of words in a phrase, clause or sentence

Question 15

Phonological Patterning
= Assonance

Answer 15

the repetition of vowel phonemes across phrases, clauses or sentences.
ex. the fleet of jeeps drove through the streets.
- fl ee t
- j ee p
- str ee ts

Question 16

Phonological Patterning
= Consonance

Answer 16

the repetition of consonant phonemes, often at syllable-final boundaries.
ex. the bees on the trees buzzed with ease.
- bee s
- tree s
- bu zz ed
- ea s e

Question 17

Phonological Patterning
= Onomatopoeia

Answer 17

the process of which evocative (bringing strong images, memories, or feelings to mind) (expressive) words are created from the sounds they represent.
ex. the crow squawked loudly, causing a rustle in the bushes.
- squawked
- rustle

Question 18

Phonological Patterning
= Rhythm

Answer 18

created when the intonation of a set of words is repeated across two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences.
ex. once upon AND weak and weary
- on ce on
- up on on
- we ak
- we ary

Question 19

Phonological Patterning
= Rhyme

Answer 19

the repetition of phonemes at the ends of two or more words. this entails the direct manipulation of consonance and assonance in word- final syllables.
ex. the potato cake was fake
- cake
- fake