Lexicology

Question 1

Lexicology

Answer 1

the study of words and how they behave within a language

Question 2

Word Classes
= Nouns

Answer 2

words that name places, people, things, qualities, ideas, or concepts

Question 3

Word Classes
= Pronouns

Answer 3

replace nouns and noun phrases (a group of words consisting of a noun and words that modify the noun) within a sentence. they aren’t nouns themselves. pronouns refer to some other element in a sentence

Question 4

Word Classes
= Verbs

Answer 4

expresses actions, states or occurrences. tense is also an indication of verb. the inflectional morphemes such as suffices ‘-ed’ and ‘-ing’ indicate past and present tense. future tense uses modal auxiliary verb ‘will’ before word to provide information about future tense

Question 5

Word Classes
= Auxiliary Verbs = Primary

Answer 5

‘be’, ‘do’, ‘have;. these three primary auxiliary verbs have many forms.
be- am, is, are, was, were, being, been
do- does, did, doing, done
have- has, had, having

‘be’ and its forms form continuous tense and a passive voice.
ex1. she is walking home.
ex2. her bike was stolen.

‘do’ and its forms expresses emphasis, forms questions and negative statements.
ex1. i do want dinner.
ex2. do you know the time?
ex3. Nathalie does not study Italian.

‘have’ and its forms form perfect tense. They can also be the main verb.
ex1. we have been to India. (present perfect)
ex2. he has left home already. (past perfect)
ex3. i will have arrived by then . (future perfect)

Question 6

Word Classes
= Auxiliary Verbs = Modal

Answer 6

express likelihood, ability, permission, intention, request and necessity of an action occurring. these can take a negative form such as won’t or will not. there is a fixed number of modals: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, ought.

Question 7

Word Classes
= Adjectives

Answer 7

words that describe or modify nouns and pronouns, providing more information about them. they can indicate qualities, size, age, colour, shape, or other characteristics of a noun.

Question 7

Word Classes
= Auxiliary Verbs

Answer 7

‘Helping’ verb, supporting main verb of a sentence. Two Types:
- Primary
- Modal

Question 8

Word Classes
= Adverbs

Answer 8

modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or entire sentences. they provide information about elements such as time, place, manner, frequency, degree, and cause and effect

Question 9

Word Classes
= Prepositions

Answer 9

words used before nouns, pronouns or phrases to indicate elements such as direction, time, place, location and spatial relationship (specifies how some object is located in space in relation to some reference object)

Question 10

Word Classes
= Conjunctions

Answer 10

a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g. and, but, if ). there are two types:
- coordinates
- subordinates

Question 11

Word Classes
= Conjunctions = Coordinating

Answer 11

link words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank. FANBOYS
- For
- And
- Nor
- But
- Or
- Yet
- So

Question 12

Word Classes
= Conjunctions = Subordinating

Answer 12

introduce subordinate (dependent) clauses and link them to main clauses.
ex. because, although, if, while, since

Question 13

Word Classes
= Determiners

Answer 13

words that are placed in front of nouns to help clarify the noun, specify quantity or indicate possession. they include articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (used to point to something or someone specific: this, that), possessive pronouns (my, our) and quantifiers (some, many)

Question 14

Word Classes
= Interjections

Answer 14

words or phrases that express emotions and sometimes requests. they tend to be expressive and indicate strong emotions such as sadness, surprise and joy.
ex. Wow! That’s amazing!

Question 15

Word Formation Processes

Answer 15

lexical processes involved in the formation of new words

Question 16

Word Formation Processes
= Neologisms

Answer 16

newly coined word or pression, or a new usage of language. occur due to the need to express concepts that previously had no linguistic representation, technological advances and cultural changes

Question 17

Word Formation Processes
= Borrowings

Answer 17

words that have been adopted from one language into another. occur when there is contact between cultures with different languages, and there’s a need to express concepts or objects that exist in one culture but not in the other. over time, these borrowed words often become fully integrated into the borrowing language, sometimes undergoing phonetic or morphological changes to fit the language’s existing patterns

Question 18

Word Formation Processes
= Commonisation

Answer 18

process by which proper nouns become common nouns.
ex. bandaid has been commonised to refer generically to any small adhesive bandage, not just those produced by the Band-Aid brand.

Question 19

Word Formation Processes
= Nominalisation

Answer 19

when words (usually verbs or adjectives) are changed into nouns. common process in many languages for creating new nouns, particularly in academic and formal writing. involves adding suffixes to the original word, such as ‘-ment’ (achievement from achieve) and ‘-ness’ (happiness from happy)