Phonetics Modules & Notes Flashcards
all glides & liquids are ____
voiced
there are _____ graphemes and _____ phonemes in American English
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the science of speech, how it is produced and percieved
phonetics
rules that govern how speech sounds can be strung together meaningfully
language
pattern of movements of the speech organs and a pattern of acoustic vibrations
speech
Name the 3 primary acoustic dimensions
frequency
duration
amplitude
amplitude & intensity =
loudness
the smallest sound/unit of a word that differentiates meaning
phoneme
words that differ by only one phoneme/sound (DO NOT have to rhyme)
ex. sip, tip, ship
CVC, VC
minimal pairs
different letter sequences that represent the same sound
ex. cake, survey, grey
allographs
sound change is fickle/individualistic; surrounding sounds do not affect or influence
ex. in dialects
free variation
transcribing basic sounds present in a language AKA phonemic transcription (virgules / /)
broad transcription
use of diacritics w/ IPA symbols (brackets [])
narrow transcription
3 types of true consonants
stops
fricatives
affricates
gliding of 2 vowels together; similar to a diphthong but shorter in duration
ex. will, you
glides
airstream flows thro sides of the tongue as tongue tip makes closure at center of the alveolar ridge
ex. low, row
liquids
ə tends to be ____
unstressed
ʌ tends to be ____ ; found in monosyllabic words
stressed
produced by articulating 2 vowels as one phoneme
diphthongs
accidental, involuntary speech erros
spoonerisms
system that provides E for making a sound
respiratory system
system that is the primary source of sound
laryngeal
system where sounds are shaped into meaningful phonemes
articulatory
these control expiration
internal intercostals
these control inspiration
external intercostals
VFs are able to blow apart due to elastic nature
Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation
when there is a drop in air P due to VFs coming apart, VFs come back together due to________________
bernoulli’s effect
name the 4 active articulators
lips
tongue
jaw
velum
name the 2 passive articulators
teeth
hard palate
articulators prepare to articulate a phoneme well before an earlier phoneme is fully articulated
coarticulation
____ are produced w/ minimal obstruction to the airstream
vowels
only ____ vowels are rounded
back
all AE vowels are…
voiced
name 4 ways to identify a vowel
tongue height
tongue placement
tenseness
roundedness
vowels where velopharyngeal port is open, velum is relaxed
nasal
____ vowels have an r-color to them. When producing these, your tongue bunches up as if forming /ɹ/ sound
rhotic
where tongue is first placed and glide begins
onglide
where tongue ends up and where the glide ends
offglide
for a vowel to be produced…
sound is produced at glottis
sound is filtered thro vocal tract resonator
sound passes thro lips into medium
breaking up a sound into frequency components and their amplitudes
analyzes the acoustic properties of a sound wave
spectral analysis
if vowel is high, F1 is_____
low
if vowel is front, F2 is _____
high
amplification of frequencies that match
vocal tract frequencies
resonance frequency
image where amplitude can be observed as dark bands of E called formants
spectrogram
repetitive cycle of VF abduction and adduction to create periodic sound
glottal source spectrum
multiple integers of the fundamental frequency
harmonics
the lowest harmonic/frequency is the ____
fundamental frequency
amplification of sound of certain frequencies w/ the shape of the oral vocal tract
resonance
spaces b/w harmonics. Smaller when FF is low and vice versa
inter-harmonic spaces
harmonics are also known as ______
periodic
larger the interharmonic space, the …..
louder the pitch
F0 =
fundamental frequency
who has more interharmonic spacing?
women
how does fundamental frequency influence harmonics?
harmonics are integers of FF
how does FF influence harmonic structure?
the lower the FF, the more harmonics there will be
What is the source spectrum?
FF is the lowest frequency/pitch
has harmonic structure
the highest amplitude decays by -12dB per octave
what do we use to add quality to voice?
vocal tract resonator
give an example of encountering Bernoulli’s effect IRL
when you blow between 2 pieces of paper held next to each other, the papers will come together due to an unequal distribution of air pressure between and outside of the paper. This mimics the VFs blowing apart and coming together
difference between spectrum and spectrogram
spectrum is frequency x amplitude, one moment in time
spectrogram is frequency x time, as long as you want
study of frequency, duration, and amplitude of speech sounds
acoustic phonetics
branch of phonetics that studies how humans discriminate the different speech sounds that a speaker produces
perceptual phonetics
the study of how speech sounds are organized in a language to create meaningful words
phonology
the science of speech, how it is produced and perceived
phonetics
_____ tell us the specific sound that is being produced based on size and shape of the vocal tract
vowel formants
each medium has its own….
radiation characterisitics
F1
tongue height
F2
tongue advancement
