Phonetics - IPA Flashcards
Voiceless Diacritic
[ ̥ ] - a voiced sound is produced with a voiceless quality
Aspirated Diacritic
[ ʰ ] - a plosive is released with aspiration
Rhoticized Diacritic
[ ˞ ] - A vowel produced with rhotic quality
Palatalized Diacritic
[ ʲ ] - a consonant produced with palatalization through the raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate
Nasalized Diacritic
[ ̃] - A vowel is produced with a nasal quality through the lowering of the soft palate
Unreleased Diacritic
[ ̚ ] - A plosive is not fully released
[ ̪ ] - Dentalized
A non-dental consonant is produced with dentalization by touching the tongue tip to the teeth
Syllabic Diacritic
[ ̩ ] - A consonant produced as a syllable nucleus
Velarization Diacritic
[ ̴ ] - Raising the back of the tongue towards the velum
A velarized /l/ is called a dark l, occurs in English at the end of the syllable.
when /l/ occurs at the beginning of the syllable it is a light l and is not velarized
____ are aspirated when at the beginning of a stressed syllable
voiceless stops /p, t, k/
“pie” /pa͡͡͡ɪ/ -> [pha͡͡͡ɪ] But not: “spy” /spa͡͡͡ɪ/ -> [spa͡͡͡ɪ]
____ are unaspirated after /s/ at the beginning of syllables
voiceless stops /p,t,k/
“spy” /spa͡͡͡ɪ/ -> [sp=a͡͡͡ɪ]
_____ are not released when they occur before other plosives
plosives /p,b,t,d,k,g/
“cupcake” /kʌpke͡͡͡ɪk/ -> [kʌp˺ke͡͡͡ɪk]
Optional Rule: ___ may be unreleased at the end of a word
plosives
“cup” /kʌp/ -> [kʌp˺]
___ are produced as alveolar flaps when they occur between a stressed vowel and an unstressed syllable
alveolar plosives /t,d/
“butter” /bʌtɚ/ -> [bʌɾɚ]
But not: “sister” /sɪstɚ/ -> [sɪstɚ]
____ becomes a glottal stop when before a syllabic nasal
voiceless alveolar plosive /t/
“mitten” /mɪtn̩/ -> [mɪʔn̩]
“cattle” /kætl̩ / -> [kæɾl̩]
____ become syllabic when at the end of a word and after an obstruent
nasals /m,n/
“sudden” /sʌdn/ -> [sʌdn̩]
____ becomes syllabic when at the end of a word and after a consonant
lateral liquid /l/
“puddle” /pʌdl/ -> [ pʌdl̩ ]
____ become dentalized when before dental consonants
alveolar consonants /t,d,n,l,s,z/
“width” /wɪdθ/ -> [wɪd̪θ]
____ are partially devoiced when syllable final, except when followed by a voiced sound
voiced obstruents /b,d,g,v,ð,z,ʒ,d͡ʒ/
“move” /muv/ -> [muv̥]
but not: “move on” /muv ɔn/ -> [muv ɔn]
____ are partially devoiced in syllable initial position except when preceded by a voiced sound
voiced plosives /b,d,g/
“boy” /bɔ͡͡͡ɪ/ -> [b̥ɔ͡͡͡ɪ]
But not: “a boy” /ə bɔ͡ɪ/ -> [ə bɔ͡ɪ]
____ are devoiced when they occur after aspirated plosives
approximants /l,ɹ,w,j/
“play” /ple͡͡͡ɪ/ -> [pʰl̥e͡͡͡ɪ]
But not: “blue” /blu/ -> [blu]
____ is velarized when it comes after a vowel and (at the end of the word or before a consonant)
lateral /l/
ball” /bɔl/ -> [bɔɫ]
But not: “follow” /fɑlo/ -> [fɑlo]
____ are preceded by a glottal stop when after a vowel and at the end of a syllable
voiceless stops /p,t,k/
“pick” /pɪk/ -> [pɪʔk]
____ are longer when they are at the end of a phrase
Consonants
“There goes the bus [bʌsː]”, but “The bus [bʌs] is yellow.”
_____ are longer at the end of a syllable
voiceless consonants
“bus” /bʌs/ [bʌsː], but not “sun” /sʌn/ [sʌn]
______ are nasalized when they come before nasal consonants
vowels
“can” /kæn/ -> [kæ̃n]
But not: “cab” /kæb/ -> [kæb]
____ are retracted when they are followed by a syllable-final /l/ (velarized /l/)
front vowels
“peel” /pil/ -> [pi̱ɫ]
____ are longer before voiced consonants than they are before voiceless consonants
vowels
“bad” /bæd/ -> [bæːd]
_____ are longer in open syllables than in closed syllables
vowels
“see” /si/ -> [siː]
But not: “seat” /sit/ -> [sit]
___ are longer in stressed syllables than in unstressed syllables
vowels
“speedy” /ˈspiˌdi/ -> [ˈspiːˌɾi]
