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Linguistics > Phonetics and Phonology > Flashcards

Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

The objective study and description of human speech sounds e.g how they are produced, transmitted and received.

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2
Q

Phonology

A

The abstract study of how sounds function in a specific language to create meaning

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3
Q

Accent

A

The manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world

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4
Q

Dialect

A

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, grammar and pronunciation.

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5
Q

Homograph

A

A word written the same way as another word but having a different meaning. Can also have the same spelling but different sound.
‘Read’ can rhyme with ‘head, bed’ or ‘feed seed’.
‘Bow’ can rhyme with ‘now, cow’ or, ‘no low’.
‘Tear’ can rhyme with ‘fear here’ or ‘fare, care’.
‘chael’ can be Michael or Rachael.

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6
Q

Homophone

A

A word that has the same sound but a different meaning as another word. Can also have different spelling but sound the same
Blue and blew
Rain and reign
Meet and meat
To, two and too
Where and wear
Pore, pour, paw and poor

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7
Q

Places of Articulation

A

Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental/Alveolar/Postalveolar, Palatal, Velar, Uvular, Glottal

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8
Q

Manners of Articulation

A

Plosive/Stops, Nasals, Trills, Taps, Fricatives, Affricate, Approximants

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9
Q

Voiced

A

Referring to consonants, such as b, d, and v, that cause vibration of the vocal folds when sounded

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10
Q

Voiceless

A

Referring to consonants, such as p, t, and f, that do not cause vibration of the vocal folds when sounded

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11
Q

Vowel

A

No obstruction in the vocal tract when pronouncing them

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12
Q

Consonant

A

Obstruction in the vocal tract when pronouncing them

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13
Q

Diphthong

A

The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds.

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14
Q

Speech

A

Defined as modified breathing. Air flows through the lungs, through the vocal tract, and out of the mouth and nose. It is modified along the way by articulators

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15
Q

Orthography

A

Study of letters and how they form words

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16
Q

Minimal Pair

A

Two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position which creates differed meaning e.g bit/pit bit/bin

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17
Q

Active Articulator

A

The part of the vocal tract which moves in order to form a constriction such as the tongue.

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18
Q

Passive Articulator

A

Structures that do not or cannot move during production of speech sounds (upper lip, front teeth, hard palate, velum)

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19
Q

Bilabial Stop

A

A sound which stops at your lips e.g P (voiceless), B (voiced)

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20
Q

Alveolar Stop

A

Made when the tongue comes into contact with the alveolar ridge e.g T (voiceless) D (voiced)

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21
Q

Velar Stop

A

Made when the back of tongue comes into contact with the soft palate e.g K (voiceless), G (voiced)

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22
Q

Labiodental

A

Produced with teeth and lips e.g /f/

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23
Q

Dental

A

When the top of the tongue touches the upper teeth e.g ‘th’

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24
Q

Postalveolar

A

Sound made with your tongue behind the alveolar ridge /sh/

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25
Q

Retroflex

A

Pronunciation with the tip of the tongue curled up towards the hard palate

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26
Q

Palatal

A

A consonant sound produced by raising the blade or front of the tongue towards or against the hard palate /j/

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27
Q

Uvular

A

Helps prevent food and liquid from going up your nose when you swallow. It also secretes saliva to keep your mouth hydrated

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28
Q

Glottal

A

Involves moving the vocal folds close together

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29
Q

Plosive

A

Stop sounds being produced by parting the articulators abruptly, releasing a burst of air e.g /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/.

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30
Q

Nasal

A

Produced by closing off the oral cavity with the velum and allowing the air to escape through the nasal cavity e.g /m/ /n (ng sound such as swimming)/

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31
Q

Trills

A

Produced by repeatedly striking an active articulator against the passive articulator e.g /r/

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32
Q

Traps

A

Produced by striking an active articulator against a passive articulator once.

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33
Q

Fricatives

A

Produced by releasing a steady stream of air and moving the articulators close together but not making a complete closure e.g /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

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34
Q

Affricate

A

Begins as stops and end as fricatives. Produced by parting articulators more slowly, resulting in friction.

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35
Q

Approximants

A

Produced by maintaining enough of a gap between articulators that there is no audible friction as air is released.

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36
Q

Monophthong

A

A vowel sound which is produced by keeping the tongue and lips steady throughout e.g /æ/

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37
Q

/p/ sound

A

Pen, Copy, Happy

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38
Q

/b/ sound

A

Back, Bubble, Job

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39
Q

/t/ sound

A

Tea, Tight, Button

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40
Q

/d/ sound

A

Day, Ladder, Odd

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41
Q

/k/ sound

A

Cup, Kick, School

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42
Q

/g/ sound

A

Get, Giggle, Ghost

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43
Q

/tʃ/ sound

A

Church, Mature, Nature

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44
Q

/dʒ/ sound

A

Judge, Age, Soldier

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45
Q

/f/ sound

A

Fat, Coffee, Rough

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46
Q

/v/ sound

A

View, Heavy, Move

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47
Q

/θ/ sound

A

Thing, Author

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48
Q

/ð/ sound

A

This, Other, Smooth

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49
Q

/s/ sound

A

Soon, Cease, Sister

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50
Q

/z/ sound

A

Zero, Zone, Roses, Buzz

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51
Q

/ʃ/ sound

A

Ship, Sure, Station

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52
Q

/ʒ/ sound

A

Pleasure, Vision

53
Q

/h/ sound

A

Hot, Whole, Behind

54
Q

/m/ sound

A

More, Hammer, Sum

55
Q

/n/ sound

A

Nice, Know, Funny

56
Q

/ŋ/ sound

A

Ring, Long, Thanks

57
Q

/l/ sound

A

Light, Valley, Feel

58
Q

/r/ sound

A

Right, Sorry, Average

59
Q

/j/ sounds

A

Yet, Use, Beauty

60
Q

/i/ sound (short)

A

Kit, Bid, Hymn

61
Q

/w/ sound

A

Wet, One, Queen

62
Q

/e/ sound (short)

A

Dress, Bed

63
Q

/æ/ sound (short)

A

Trap, Bad

64
Q

/ɒ/ sound (short)

A

Lot, Odd, Wash

65
Q

/ʌ/ sound (not part of northern english)

A

Strut, Bud, Love

66
Q

/ʊ/ sound (short)

A

Foot, Good, Put

67
Q

/iː/ sound (long)

A

Fleece, Sea, Machine

68
Q

/eɪ/ sound (Diphthong)

A

Face, Day, Steak

69
Q

/aɪ/ sound (Diphthong)

A

Price, High, Try

70
Q

/ɔɪ/ sound (Diphthong)

A

Choice, Boy

71
Q

/uː/ sound (long)

A

Goose, Two, Blue

71
Q

/əʊ/ sound (Diphthong)

A

Goat, Show, No

72
Q

/aʊ/ sound (Diphthong)

A

Mouth, Now

73
Q

/ɪə/ sound (Diphthong)

A

Near, Here, Serious

74
Q

/eə/ sound (Diphthong)

A

Square, Fair, Various

75
Q

/ɑː/ sound (Long)

A

Start, Father

76
Q

/ɔː/ sound (Long)

A

Thought, Law, North, War

77
Q

/ʊə/ sound (Diphthong)

A

Cure, Poor, Jury

78
Q

/ɜː/ sound (Long)

A

Nurse, Stir, Learn

79
Q

/ə/ sound

A

About, Comma, Common, Father, Standard

80
Q

Vowels (Diphthongs)

A

A diphthong, also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent (joining) vowel sounds within the same syllable

Essentially two vowel sounds blended together

81
Q

Allophone

A

Any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit, which are allophones of the phoneme k.

82
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound in a language

83
Q

Connected Speech

A

Continuous sequence of sounds or spoken language which occurs naturally within conversation

84
Q

Phonemic Transcription

A

Visual representation of speech sound

85
Q

Closing Diphthongs

A

When the tongue rises, minimising the gap between the tongue and the roof of the mouth e.g eɪ aɪ ɔɪ əʊ aʊ

86
Q

Centring Diphthongs

A

When the tongue moves towards the central position and the central vowel ‘/ə/’

87
Q

Fronting Diphthongs

A

Occurs when the tongue moves towards the close front vowel /ɪ/

88
Q

Backing Diphthongs

A

Occurs when the tongue moves towards the close back vowel /ʊ/

89
Q

Triphthong

A

Sequences which involve three vowels e.g: Layer –> /leɪə/

90
Q

Complementary Distribution

A

A situation where two phonetic variants of a sound are each found in different contexts. Examples below:
/t/:
[t] - Occurs in the middle or at the end of an unstressed syllable e.g better
[tʰ] - Occurs initially in a stressed syllable e.g competition

91
Q

Free Variation

A

Two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning. Example below:
[t] [ɾ] [ʔ] - Occurs in the middle or at the end of an unstressed syllable e.g better

92
Q

Content Words

A

Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs

93
Q

Function Words

A

Auxiliary Verbs, Pronouns, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Articles

94
Q

Assimilation

A

One sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound e.g
In Cambridge /ɪŋ keɪmbrɪdʒ/
In Birmingham /ɪm bɜːmɪŋəm/
Hit man /hɪp mæn/

95
Q

Elision

A

The omission of a sound or syllable when speaking

96
Q

Linking

A

Smooth transition between sounds in connected speech
more /mɔː/
more than /mɔː ðæn/
more and more /mɔːr ən mɔː/

97
Q

Idiolect

A

Language use that is typical of a particular person

98
Q

Syllable

A

A unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, forming the whole part of a word and usually having one vowel sound often with a consonant or consonants before or after.

99
Q

Syllable Structure

A

Syllable Structure
Onset, Rhyme, Nucleus, Coda

100
Q

Onset

A

Beginning (Comes before a vowel)

101
Q

Coda

A

End (Comes after a vowel)

102
Q

Phonotactic constraints

A

There are certain pronunciations of consonant clusters which are not allowed in English. For example, ‘kn’ and ‘gd’ are not allowed in relation to pronunciation together in English.

103
Q

Onset Maximisation

A

When there is a choice, always assign as many consonants as possible to the onset and as few as possible to the coda. However, remember that every word must also consist of a sequence of well-formed syllables
/wɪ.ndəʊ/ - INCORRECT
/wɪnd.əʊ/ - CORRECT

104
Q

Stressed Syllable

A

Part of the word that is emphasised when said aloud

105
Q

Unstressed Syllable

A

A syllable that is not accented or given more prominence in its pronunciation

106
Q

Primary Stress

A

The most prominent stress of a word

107
Q

Secondary Stress

A

The second most prominent stress in a word

108
Q

Schwa

A

The vowel sound sometimes heard in an unstressed syllable. Sounds like ‘uh’. /ə/

109
Q

Prosody

A

The patterns of rhythm and sound.

110
Q

Intonation

A

The rise and fall of the voice in speaking.

111
Q

Rising Intonation

A

Lower tone rising to a higher tone

112
Q

Falling Intonation

A

Higher tone decreasing to a lower tone

113
Q

Systemic Variation

A

A situation in which one accent possesses more or fewer phonemes than another accent

114
Q

Distributional Variation

A

Two accents may have the same phoneme system but the environments in which a particular phoneme may occur differ. It is not restricted to a particular set of words but occurs ‘across the board’ as an integral part of the phonological system

115
Q

Rhoticity

A

A term used to describe English dialects in which the /r/ following a vowel is pronounced. Also known as r-ful.

116
Q

Non-Rhotic

A

A language variety in which sequences of vowel-/r/-consonant or vowel-/r/-word boundary are not permitted to occur

117
Q

Lexical Variation

A

Vocabulary differences between dialects. The phoneme chosen for a word, or a specific set of words is different in one accent as compared with another. This can affect a very large group of words or a very small one.

118
Q

Basilect

A

Sociolinguistic term which refers to the less prestigious variety of language. The term can be used to describe dialects of people speaking English as their mother-tongue, and may also be applied in communities where English is used as a second or third language

119
Q

Salience

A

A linguistic term which describes linguistic features which are easily noticeable to outsiders e.g speakers who are not part of the linguistic community in question.

120
Q

Stigmatisation

A

An accent which has low status and is subject to social disapproval -creole/pidgin

121
Q

H Dropping

A

A common feature of non-standard English consisting of the “dropping” of the initial ‘h’ in words like ‘house’, ‘heat’ and ‘hangover’.

122
Q

Realisational Variation

A

Two accents realize a given phoneme differently /əʊ/oʊ, l, t/. ex. “role”

123
Q

Cockney Accent

A

Accent from the north east of London. H dropping (in the noun hole), Syllable-final stop consonants are glottalized, intervocalic /t/ replaced by glottal stop (e.g move it over), postvocalic /l/ is very dark (wall, terminal, usual), th fronting (said as t or f). L vocalization.

124
Q

Bristol

A

Southwest of England. Rhotic accent, H dropping, Extensive Glottalisation, BATH word said with TRAP vowel. Innit instead of isn’t it (Lexical variation)

125
Q

Midlands (Birmingham)

A

2nd largest city in the U. Non rhotic accent, Variable H dropping, No STRUT-FOOT, Diphthong shift in FACE and GOAT

126
Q

North (Lancashire)

A

Second most widely variety spoken in England. Variable h dropping, Replacement of definite article ‘the’ by /t/ e.g t’oilet, Weak aspirations in consonants /p,t,k/, TRAP vowel used in BATH words

127
Q

Geordie (Newcastle)

A

Close to Scottish accents, No h dropping, non-rhotic, Clear/l/, Older speakers realize /r/ as a uvular fricative, BATH words have TRAP vowel.

Linguistics (4 decks)

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