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Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonetics

A

The objective study and description of human speech sounds e.g how they are produced, transmitted and received.

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2
Q

Phonology

A

The abstract study of how sounds function in a specific language to create meaning

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3
Q

Accent

A

The manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world

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4
Q

Dialect

A

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, grammar and pronunciation.

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5
Q

Homograph

A

A word written the same way as another word but having a different meaning. Can also have the same spelling but different sound.
‘Read’ can rhyme with ‘head, bed’ or ‘feed seed’.
‘Bow’ can rhyme with ‘now, cow’ or, ‘no low’.
‘Tear’ can rhyme with ‘fear here’ or ‘fare, care’.
‘chael’ can be Michael or Rachael.

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6
Q

Homophone

A

A word that has the same sound but a different meaning as another word. Can also have different spelling but sound the same
Blue and blew
Rain and reign
Meet and meat
To, two and too
Where and wear
Pore, pour, paw and poor

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7
Q

Places of Articulation

A

Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental/Alveolar/Postalveolar, Palatal, Velar, Uvular, Glottal

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8
Q

Manners of Articulation

A

Plosive/Stops, Nasals, Trills, Taps, Fricatives, Affricate, Approximants

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9
Q

Voiced

A

Referring to consonants, such as b, d, and v, that cause vibration of the vocal folds when sounded

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10
Q

Voiceless

A

Referring to consonants, such as p, t, and f, that do not cause vibration of the vocal folds when sounded

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11
Q

Vowel

A

No obstruction in the vocal tract when pronouncing them

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12
Q

Consonant

A

Obstruction in the vocal tract when pronouncing them

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13
Q

Diphthong

A

The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds.

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14
Q

Speech

A

Defined as modified breathing. Air flows through the lungs, through the vocal tract, and out of the mouth and nose. It is modified along the way by articulators

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15
Q

Orthography

A

Study of letters and how they form words

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16
Q

Minimal Pair

A

Two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position which creates differed meaning e.g bit/pit bit/bin

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17
Q

Active Articulator

A

The part of the vocal tract which moves in order to form a constriction such as the tongue.

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18
Q

Passive Articulator

A

Structures that do not or cannot move during production of speech sounds (upper lip, front teeth, hard palate, velum)

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19
Q

Bilabial Stop

A

A sound which stops at your lips e.g P (voiceless), B (voiced)

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20
Q

Alveolar Stop

A

Made when the tongue comes into contact with the alveolar ridge e.g T (voiceless) D (voiced)

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21
Q

Velar Stop

A

Made when the back of tongue comes into contact with the soft palate e.g K (voiceless), G (voiced)

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22
Q

Labiodental

A

Produced with teeth and lips e.g /f/

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23
Q

Dental

A

When the top of the tongue touches the upper teeth e.g ‘th’

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24
Q

Postalveolar

A

Sound made with your tongue behind the alveolar ridge /sh/

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25
Retroflex
Pronunciation with the tip of the tongue curled up towards the hard palate
26
Palatal
A consonant sound produced by raising the blade or front of the tongue towards or against the hard palate /j/
27
Uvular
Helps prevent food and liquid from going up your nose when you swallow. It also secretes saliva to keep your mouth hydrated
28
Glottal
Involves moving the vocal folds close together
29
Plosive
Stop sounds being produced by parting the articulators abruptly, releasing a burst of air e.g /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/.
30
Nasal
Produced by closing off the oral cavity with the velum and allowing the air to escape through the nasal cavity e.g /m/ /n (ng sound such as swimming)/
31
Trills
Produced by repeatedly striking an active articulator against the passive articulator e.g /r/
32
Traps
Produced by striking an active articulator against a passive articulator once.
33
Fricatives
Produced by releasing a steady stream of air and moving the articulators close together but not making a complete closure e.g /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/
34
Affricate
Begins as stops and end as fricatives. Produced by parting articulators more slowly, resulting in friction.
35
Approximants
Produced by maintaining enough of a gap between articulators that there is no audible friction as air is released.
36
Monophthong
A vowel sound which is produced by keeping the tongue and lips steady throughout e.g /æ/
37
/p/ sound
Pen, Copy, Happy
38
/b/ sound
Back, Bubble, Job
39
/t/ sound
Tea, Tight, Button
40
/d/ sound
Day, Ladder, Odd
41
/k/ sound
Cup, Kick, School
42
/g/ sound
Get, Giggle, Ghost
43
/tʃ/ sound
Church, Mature, Nature
44
/dʒ/ sound
Judge, Age, Soldier
45
/f/ sound
Fat, Coffee, Rough
46
/v/ sound
View, Heavy, Move
47
/θ/ sound
Thing, Author
48
/ð/ sound
This, Other, Smooth
49
/s/ sound
Soon, Cease, Sister
50
/z/ sound
Zero, Zone, Roses, Buzz
51
/ʃ/ sound
Ship, Sure, Station
52
/ʒ/ sound
Pleasure, Vision
53
/h/ sound
Hot, Whole, Behind
54
/m/ sound
More, Hammer, Sum
55
/n/ sound
Nice, Know, Funny
56
/ŋ/ sound
Ring, Long, Thanks
57
/l/ sound
Light, Valley, Feel
58
/r/ sound
Right, Sorry, Average
59
/j/ sounds
Yet, Use, Beauty
60
/i/ sound (short)
Kit, Bid, Hymn
61
/w/ sound
Wet, One, Queen
62
/e/ sound (short)
Dress, Bed
63
/æ/ sound (short)
Trap, Bad
64
/ɒ/ sound (short)
Lot, Odd, Wash
65
/ʌ/ sound (not part of northern english)
Strut, Bud, Love
66
/ʊ/ sound (short)
Foot, Good, Put
67
/iː/ sound (long)
Fleece, Sea, Machine
68
/eɪ/ sound (Diphthong)
Face, Day, Steak
69
/aɪ/ sound (Diphthong)
Price, High, Try
70
/ɔɪ/ sound (Diphthong)
Choice, Boy
71
/uː/ sound (long)
Goose, Two, Blue
71
/əʊ/ sound (Diphthong)
Goat, Show, No
72
/aʊ/ sound (Diphthong)
Mouth, Now
73
/ɪə/ sound (Diphthong)
Near, Here, Serious
74
/eə/ sound (Diphthong)
Square, Fair, Various
75
/ɑː/ sound (Long)
Start, Father
76
/ɔː/ sound (Long)
Thought, Law, North, War
77
/ʊə/ sound (Diphthong)
Cure, Poor, Jury
78
/ɜː/ sound (Long)
Nurse, Stir, Learn
79
/ə/ sound
About, Comma, Common, Father, Standard
80
Vowels (Diphthongs)
A diphthong, also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent (joining) vowel sounds within the same syllable | Essentially two vowel sounds blended together
81
Allophone
Any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit, which are allophones of the phoneme k.
82
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound in a language
83
Connected Speech
Continuous sequence of sounds or spoken language which occurs naturally within conversation
84
Phonemic Transcription
Visual representation of speech sound
85
Closing Diphthongs
When the tongue rises, minimising the gap between the tongue and the roof of the mouth e.g eɪ aɪ ɔɪ əʊ aʊ
86
Centring Diphthongs
When the tongue moves towards the central position and the central vowel '/ə/'
87
Fronting Diphthongs
Occurs when the tongue moves towards the close front vowel /ɪ/
88
Backing Diphthongs
Occurs when the tongue moves towards the close back vowel /ʊ/
89
Triphthong
Sequences which involve three vowels e.g: Layer --> /leɪə/
90
Complementary Distribution
A situation where two phonetic variants of a sound are each found in different contexts. Examples below: /t/: [t] - Occurs in the middle or at the end of an unstressed syllable e.g better [tʰ] - Occurs initially in a stressed syllable e.g competition
91
Free Variation
Two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning. Example below: [t] [ɾ] [ʔ] - Occurs in the middle or at the end of an unstressed syllable e.g better
92
Content Words
Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs
93
Function Words
Auxiliary Verbs, Pronouns, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Articles
94
Assimilation
One sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound e.g In Cambridge /ɪŋ keɪmbrɪdʒ/ In Birmingham /ɪm bɜːmɪŋəm/ Hit man /hɪp mæn/
95
Elision
The omission of a sound or syllable when speaking
96
Linking
Smooth transition between sounds in connected speech more /mɔː/ more than /mɔː ðæn/ more and more /mɔːr ən mɔː/
97
Idiolect
Language use that is typical of a particular person
98
Syllable
A unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, forming the whole part of a word and usually having one vowel sound often with a consonant or consonants before or after.
99
Syllable Structure
Syllable Structure Onset, Rhyme, Nucleus, Coda
100
Onset
Beginning (Comes before a vowel)
101
Coda
End (Comes after a vowel)
102
Phonotactic constraints
There are certain pronunciations of consonant clusters which are not allowed in English. For example, 'kn' and 'gd' are not allowed in relation to pronunciation together in English.
103
Onset Maximisation
When there is a choice, always assign as many consonants as possible to the onset and as few as possible to the coda. However, remember that every word must also consist of a sequence of well-formed syllables /wɪ.ndəʊ/ - INCORRECT /wɪnd.əʊ/ - CORRECT
104
Stressed Syllable
Part of the word that is emphasised when said aloud
105
Unstressed Syllable
A syllable that is not accented or given more prominence in its pronunciation
106
Primary Stress
The most prominent stress of a word
107
Secondary Stress
The second most prominent stress in a word
108
Schwa
The vowel sound sometimes heard in an unstressed syllable. Sounds like 'uh'. /ə/
109
Prosody
The patterns of rhythm and sound.
110
Intonation
The rise and fall of the voice in speaking.
111
Rising Intonation
Lower tone rising to a higher tone
112
Falling Intonation
Higher tone decreasing to a lower tone
113
Systemic Variation
A situation in which one accent possesses more or fewer phonemes than another accent
114
Distributional Variation
Two accents may have the same phoneme system but the environments in which a particular phoneme may occur differ. It is not restricted to a particular set of words but occurs 'across the board' as an integral part of the phonological system
115
Rhoticity
A term used to describe English dialects in which the /r/ following a vowel is pronounced. Also known as r-ful.
116
Non-Rhotic
A language variety in which sequences of vowel-/r/-consonant or vowel-/r/-word boundary are not permitted to occur
117
Lexical Variation
Vocabulary differences between dialects. The phoneme chosen for a word, or a specific set of words is different in one accent as compared with another. This can affect a very large group of words or a very small one.
118
Basilect
Sociolinguistic term which refers to the less prestigious variety of language. The term can be used to describe dialects of people speaking English as their mother-tongue, and may also be applied in communities where English is used as a second or third language
119
Salience
A linguistic term which describes linguistic features which are easily noticeable to outsiders e.g speakers who are not part of the linguistic community in question.
120
Stigmatisation
An accent which has low status and is subject to social disapproval -creole/pidgin
121
H Dropping
A common feature of non-standard English consisting of the "dropping" of the initial 'h' in words like 'house', 'heat' and 'hangover'.
122
Realisational Variation
Two accents realize a given phoneme differently /əʊ/oʊ, l, t/. ex. "role"
123
Cockney Accent
Accent from the north east of London. H dropping (in the noun hole), Syllable-final stop consonants are glottalized, intervocalic /t/ replaced by glottal stop (e.g move it over), postvocalic /l/ is very dark (wall, terminal, usual), th fronting (said as t or f). L vocalization.
124
Bristol
Southwest of England. Rhotic accent, H dropping, Extensive Glottalisation, BATH word said with TRAP vowel. Innit instead of isn't it (Lexical variation)
125
Midlands (Birmingham)
2nd largest city in the U. Non rhotic accent, Variable H dropping, No STRUT-FOOT, Diphthong shift in FACE and GOAT
126
North (Lancashire)
Second most widely variety spoken in England. Variable h dropping, Replacement of definite article 'the' by /t/ e.g t'oilet, Weak aspirations in consonants /p,t,k/, TRAP vowel used in BATH words
127
Geordie (Newcastle)
Close to Scottish accents, No h dropping, non-rhotic, Clear/l/, Older speakers realize /r/ as a uvular fricative, BATH words have TRAP vowel.

Linguistics (4 decks)

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