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Linguistics > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

For Quiz 1

1
Q

Acoustic Signal

A

sound wave traveling through the air

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2
Q

Speech Comprehension

A
  • perception
  • listener has to decode continuous acoustic signal as a sequence of discrete consonants and vowels
  • sequence of sounds needs to be further associated with the meaning, activating an internal mental representation for the object
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3
Q

Phonetics

A

-how speech sounds (phones) are produced by speakers (articulatory phonetics), realized acoustically (acoustic phonetics), and perceived by listeners (auditory phonetics)

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4
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

one-to-one correspondence between a sound (segment or phone) and a symbol
-[ ]: phonetic transcription

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5
Q

Segment

A

[u]

individual speech sound

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6
Q

Vocal organs

A
  • lungs: the source of air;
  • larynx (and vocal folds): the sound source
  • vocal tract: filtering
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7
Q

Glottal States

A
  • configurations of the vocal folds
  • voiceless/voiced
  • murmur/breathy voiced: vocal folds loosely+slowly vibrating; glottis not fully closed;
  • whisper: front portions of folds are pulled close together
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8
Q

Voiced/Voiceless

A

Voiceless: vocal folds widely pulled apart
Voiced: folds pulled close together and open repeatedly (vibration) regularly due to air passing between the folds

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9
Q

Vocal Tract

A
  • air passages above the vocal folds
  • the pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity
  • Modifications of airflow creates different sounds.
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10
Q

Articulators

A
  • parts of the vocal tract, can be used to form speech sounds.
  • lower articulator articulates against an upper articulator.
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11
Q

Upper/Passive articulators

A
  • The upper lip, teeth, surface of the mouth:
  • alveolar ridge
  • hard palate
  • soft palate/velum
  • uvula
  • pharyngeal wall
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12
Q

Alveolar Ridge

A

-small protuberance just behind the upper teeth

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13
Q

Hard Palate

A

-bony structure of the front part of the roof of the mouth

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14
Q

Soft Palate/Velum

A

-muscular flap at the back of the mouth

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15
Q

Uvula

A

-small appendage hanging down at the lower end of the velum

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16
Q

Lower/Active articulators

A
  • The lower lip, the lower teeth, the tongue

- Nasal cavity: velum is lowered adding nasal resonances to the speech

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17
Q

Tongue

A

large muscular organ: the tip, blade, body, back (dorsum), root

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18
Q

Consonants

A
  • made with major obstruction in the vocal tract
  • less sonorous
  • can be syllabic
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19
Q

Vowels + Glides

A
  • made with relatively little obstruction
  • more sonorous, air is moving more freely
  • vowels form nucleus of syllable
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20
Q

Consonant Articulation

A

1) voicing (glottal state),
2) place of articulation
3) manner of articulation

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21
Q

Place of articulation

A
  • where in the vocal tract + what articulators make the constriction
  • labial, dental, alveolar, alveopalatal/palatal, velar, labio-velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal
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22
Q

labial: bilabial/labiodental

A
  • 2 lips together/lips to teeth

- pie, by, my, five, vibe

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23
Q

Dental/Interdental

A
  • tongue to teeth/between

- thigh, that

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24
Q

Alveolar

A
  • tongue right behind teeth

- die, tie, sigh, lie, rye

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25
Q

Alveopalatal/Palatal

A
  • front tongue raised
  • shy, child, jive
  • palatal: yikes
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26
Q

Velar

A
  • bunched up and back

- kite, guy

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27
Q

Labio-Velar

A
  • round lips and tongue raised to velum

- wide, why

28
Q

Glottal

A
  • produced in the larynx

- howl

29
Q

Manner of articulation

A
  • way the constriction is made or its degree

- Oral, nasal, stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides

30
Q

Stridents/Sibilants

A

-sounds that produce, hissing/hushing

31
Q

Continuants

A

-fricatives, vowels, glides

32
Q

Syllabic Liquids/Nasals

A

-can function as syllabic nuclei

33
Q

Oral vs. Nasal

A
  • velum raised (closed) or lowered (open)
  • oral: bye, sigh, lie
  • nasal: my, nigh
34
Q

Stops

A
  • complete closure, no air passing through vocal tract
  • pie, bye, tie, die, kite, guy
  • At the end of the word, stops in English are usually unreleased.
  • [p
35
Q

Fricatives

A
  • constriction narrow enough to cause friction

- five, vibe, beige

36
Q

Affricates

A
  • complete closure with a fricative release

- chime, jibe

37
Q

Nasals

A

-complete closure in the oral cavity, lowered velum and air passing through the nasal cavity

38
Q

Liquids

A
  • relatively little obstruction
  • laterals: lie
  • rhotics: retroflex + flap, rye, atom
39
Q

Glides

A

-rapidly articulated, vowel-like sounds

40
Q

Flap

A

atom: the tongue hits the alveolar ridge in a ballistic motion; the closure cannot be maintained long.
- voiced, unlike the voiceless [t]

41
Q

Aspiration

A
  • delay of voicing after voiceless stops
  • vocal folds start to vibrate some time after the oral closure has been released
  • ‘puff’ of air after p, t, k in English
  • pill, tall, cool
  • [h] subscript
  • After [s], English voiceless stops are unaspirated
42
Q

Description of consonants – three parameters

A

(1) laryngeal settings (voiceless or voiced),
(2) place of articulation,
(3) manner of articulation

43
Q

Vowels

A
  • relatively little obstruction in the vocal tract
  • sonorous (high acoustic intensity)
  • always function as nucleus of syllable
  • described in terms of height, backness, rounding, tenseness
44
Q

Height

A
  • relative raising or lowering of the tongue

- high, mid, or low, (pit – pet – pat)

45
Q

Backness

A
  • relative fronting or backing of the tongue

- front, central, or back (pit – put, pat – pot, bet)

46
Q

Lip Rounding

A
  • rounded or unrounded

- only high and mid back vowels rounded in English -(boot – beat)

47
Q

Tenseness

A
  • greater/lesser vocal tract constriction

- tense or lax (beat – bit, boot – put)

48
Q

Simple vowels

A
  • show no noticeable change in quality over time

- bit, bet, bat, but, bought

49
Q

Diphthongs

A
  • consist of a sequence of a simple vowel and a glide
  • bait, bite, boat, boy
  • diphthongs are considered to be single units, one segment
50
Q

Lax Vowels

A
  • Lax vowels (except the schwa, [ǝ]) never occur at the end of a word
  • are always followed by consonants
  • [bɪd], [bɛd], [bæd], but *[bɪ], *[bɛ], *[bæ], etc.
51
Q

Tense Vowels

A
  • can freely occur at the end of a word and before consonants
  • [bid], [bejd], [bud], [bi], [bej], [bu], etc.
52
Q

Mid central vowels

A
  • Schwa, [ǝ], is a mid, central, unrounded vowel that occurs in unstressed syllables and before
  • When unstressed, schwa is reduced (short in duration and less loud).
  • Caret, [ʌ], is also a mid, central, unrounded vowel occurring in stressed syllables. The two vowels sound very similar.
53
Q

Suprasegmentals (Prosody)

A
  • properties of speech that do not relate to specific vocal folds adjustments or place/manner of articulation
  • Pitch, Loudness. Length
54
Q

Pitch

A
  • perception of relative frequency of vocal fold vibration.
  • controlled by the tension of the vocal folds and amount of air going through the glottis.
  • pitch movements are used in differentiating:
  • Word meanings; ‘tone’.
  • Sentence meanings; ‘intonation’.
55
Q

Tone

A
  • lexical items can be distinguished solely on the basis of their pitch
  • Types of tones
    • Flat pitch in a syllable: register tone
    • Moving pitch in a syllable: contour tone
  • can express a grammatical function
56
Q

Intonation

A
  • refers to pitch movements over utterances.

- concerned with general meaning of the utterance

57
Q

Length

A
  • distinguish between short or long consonants or vowels.

- length is said to be contrastive

58
Q

Stress

A
  • refers to auditory prominence of some syllables compared to others
  • can be realized in various ways
  • English: stressed syllables are higher in pitch, louder, and longer
59
Q

Coarticulation

A
  • sequence of movements of articulators that overlap in time.
  • Articulation of one sound inevitably influences that of another
60
Q

Assimilation

A
  • One segment becomes more like another, taking on some or all phonetic properties of that segment
  • Regressive assimilation: following segment affects the preceding segment, right-to-left.
  • Progressive assimilation: preceding segment affects the following segment, left-to-right.
61
Q

Dissimilation

A
  • Two sounds become less alike in terms of articulation or acoustics. It is less common than assimilation
  • fifths [fɪfθs]-[fɪfts]
62
Q

Epenthesis/insertion

A
  • segment get inserted next to other segments

- [pɹɪns], [woɹmθ], [tɛnθ]-[pɹɪnts], [woɹmpθ], [tɛntθ]

63
Q

Deletion

A
  • segment gets deleted next to other segments

- [səpówz] [pətéjɾow][spowz] [ptéjɾow]

64
Q

Metathesis

A
  • Two segments get re-arranged

- [pɹɪskɹájb] [pɹɪskɹɪṕ ʃn̩]-[pəɹskɹájb][pəɹskɹɪṕ]

65
Q

Vowel reduction

A
  • vowel becomes shorter, less loud, and less peripheral (more central)
  • Canada [khǽnədə], Canadian [kənéjdiən]

Linguistics (11 decks)

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