Phonetics Flashcards

For Quiz 1

1
Q

Acoustic Signal

A

sound wave traveling through the air

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2
Q

Speech Comprehension

A
  • perception
  • listener has to decode continuous acoustic signal as a sequence of discrete consonants and vowels
  • sequence of sounds needs to be further associated with the meaning, activating an internal mental representation for the object
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3
Q

Phonetics

A

-how speech sounds (phones) are produced by speakers (articulatory phonetics), realized acoustically (acoustic phonetics), and perceived by listeners (auditory phonetics)

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4
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

one-to-one correspondence between a sound (segment or phone) and a symbol
-[ ]: phonetic transcription

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5
Q

Segment

A

[u]

individual speech sound

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6
Q

Vocal organs

A
  • lungs: the source of air;
  • larynx (and vocal folds): the sound source
  • vocal tract: filtering
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7
Q

Glottal States

A
  • configurations of the vocal folds
  • voiceless/voiced
  • murmur/breathy voiced: vocal folds loosely+slowly vibrating; glottis not fully closed;
  • whisper: front portions of folds are pulled close together
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8
Q

Voiced/Voiceless

A

Voiceless: vocal folds widely pulled apart
Voiced: folds pulled close together and open repeatedly (vibration) regularly due to air passing between the folds

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9
Q

Vocal Tract

A
  • air passages above the vocal folds
  • the pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity
  • Modifications of airflow creates different sounds.
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10
Q

Articulators

A
  • parts of the vocal tract, can be used to form speech sounds.
  • lower articulator articulates against an upper articulator.
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11
Q

Upper/Passive articulators

A
  • The upper lip, teeth, surface of the mouth:
  • alveolar ridge
  • hard palate
  • soft palate/velum
  • uvula
  • pharyngeal wall
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12
Q

Alveolar Ridge

A

-small protuberance just behind the upper teeth

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13
Q

Hard Palate

A

-bony structure of the front part of the roof of the mouth

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14
Q

Soft Palate/Velum

A

-muscular flap at the back of the mouth

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15
Q

Uvula

A

-small appendage hanging down at the lower end of the velum

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16
Q

Lower/Active articulators

A
  • The lower lip, the lower teeth, the tongue

- Nasal cavity: velum is lowered adding nasal resonances to the speech

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17
Q

Tongue

A

large muscular organ: the tip, blade, body, back (dorsum), root

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18
Q

Consonants

A
  • made with major obstruction in the vocal tract
  • less sonorous
  • can be syllabic
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19
Q

Vowels + Glides

A
  • made with relatively little obstruction
  • more sonorous, air is moving more freely
  • vowels form nucleus of syllable
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20
Q

Consonant Articulation

A

1) voicing (glottal state),
2) place of articulation
3) manner of articulation

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21
Q

Place of articulation

A
  • where in the vocal tract + what articulators make the constriction
  • labial, dental, alveolar, alveopalatal/palatal, velar, labio-velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal
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22
Q

labial: bilabial/labiodental

A
  • 2 lips together/lips to teeth

- pie, by, my, five, vibe

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23
Q

Dental/Interdental

A
  • tongue to teeth/between

- thigh, that

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24
Q

Alveolar

A
  • tongue right behind teeth

- die, tie, sigh, lie, rye

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25
Alveopalatal/Palatal
- front tongue raised - shy, child, jive - palatal: yikes
26
Velar
- bunched up and back | - kite, guy
27
Labio-Velar
- round lips and tongue raised to velum | - wide, why
28
Glottal
- produced in the larynx | - howl
29
Manner of articulation
- way the constriction is made or its degree | - Oral, nasal, stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides
30
Stridents/Sibilants
-sounds that produce, hissing/hushing
31
Continuants
-fricatives, vowels, glides
32
Syllabic Liquids/Nasals
-can function as syllabic nuclei
33
Oral vs. Nasal
- velum raised (closed) or lowered (open) - oral: bye, sigh, lie - nasal: my, nigh
34
Stops
- complete closure, no air passing through vocal tract - pie, bye, tie, die, kite, guy - At the end of the word, stops in English are usually unreleased. - [p
35
Fricatives
- constriction narrow enough to cause friction | - five, vibe, beige
36
Affricates
- complete closure with a fricative release | - chime, jibe
37
Nasals
-complete closure in the oral cavity, lowered velum and air passing through the nasal cavity
38
Liquids
- relatively little obstruction - laterals: lie - rhotics: retroflex + flap, rye, atom
39
Glides
-rapidly articulated, vowel-like sounds
40
Flap
atom: the tongue hits the alveolar ridge in a ballistic motion; the closure cannot be maintained long. - voiced, unlike the voiceless [t]
41
Aspiration
- delay of voicing after voiceless stops - vocal folds start to vibrate some time after the oral closure has been released - ‘puff’ of air after p, t, k in English - pill, tall, cool - [h] subscript - After [s], English voiceless stops are unaspirated
42
Description of consonants – three parameters
(1) laryngeal settings (voiceless or voiced), (2) place of articulation, (3) manner of articulation
43
Vowels
- relatively little obstruction in the vocal tract - sonorous (high acoustic intensity) - always function as nucleus of syllable - described in terms of height, backness, rounding, tenseness
44
Height
- relative raising or lowering of the tongue | - high, mid, or low, (pit – pet – pat)
45
Backness
- relative fronting or backing of the tongue | - front, central, or back (pit – put, pat – pot, bet)
46
Lip Rounding
- rounded or unrounded | - only high and mid back vowels rounded in English -(boot – beat)
47
Tenseness
- greater/lesser vocal tract constriction | - tense or lax (beat – bit, boot – put)
48
Simple vowels
- show no noticeable change in quality over time | - bit, bet, bat, but, bought
49
Diphthongs
- consist of a sequence of a simple vowel and a glide - bait, bite, boat, boy - diphthongs are considered to be single units, one segment
50
Lax Vowels
- Lax vowels (except the schwa, [ǝ]) never occur at the end of a word - are always followed by consonants - [bɪd], [bɛd], [bæd], but *[bɪ], *[bɛ], *[bæ], etc.
51
Tense Vowels
- can freely occur at the end of a word and before consonants - [bid], [bejd], [bud], [bi], [bej], [bu], etc.
52
Mid central vowels
- Schwa, [ǝ], is a mid, central, unrounded vowel that occurs in unstressed syllables and before - When unstressed, schwa is reduced (short in duration and less loud). - Caret, [ʌ], is also a mid, central, unrounded vowel occurring in stressed syllables. The two vowels sound very similar.
53
Suprasegmentals (Prosody)
- properties of speech that do not relate to specific vocal folds adjustments or place/manner of articulation - Pitch, Loudness. Length
54
Pitch
- perception of relative frequency of vocal fold vibration. - controlled by the tension of the vocal folds and amount of air going through the glottis. - pitch movements are used in differentiating: - Word meanings; ‘tone’. - Sentence meanings; ‘intonation’.
55
Tone
- lexical items can be distinguished solely on the basis of their pitch - Types of tones - Flat pitch in a syllable: register tone - Moving pitch in a syllable: contour tone - can express a grammatical function
56
Intonation
- refers to pitch movements over utterances. | - concerned with general meaning of the utterance
57
Length
- distinguish between short or long consonants or vowels. | - length is said to be contrastive
58
Stress
- refers to auditory prominence of some syllables compared to others - can be realized in various ways - English: stressed syllables are higher in pitch, louder, and longer
59
Coarticulation
- sequence of movements of articulators that overlap in time. - Articulation of one sound inevitably influences that of another
60
Assimilation
- One segment becomes more like another, taking on some or all phonetic properties of that segment - Regressive assimilation: following segment affects the preceding segment, right-to-left. - Progressive assimilation: preceding segment affects the following segment, left-to-right.
61
Dissimilation
- Two sounds become less alike in terms of articulation or acoustics. It is less common than assimilation - fifths [fɪfθs]-[fɪfts]
62
Epenthesis/insertion
- segment get inserted next to other segments | - [pɹɪns], [woɹmθ], [tɛnθ]-[pɹɪnts], [woɹmpθ], [tɛntθ]
63
Deletion
- segment gets deleted next to other segments | - [səpówz] [pətéjɾow][spowz] [ptéjɾow]
64
Metathesis
- Two segments get re-arranged | - [pɹɪskɹájb] [pɹɪskɹɪṕ ʃn̩]-[pəɹskɹájb][pəɹskɹɪṕ]
65
Vowel reduction
- vowel becomes shorter, less loud, and less peripheral (more central) - Canada [khǽnədə], Canadian [kənéjdiən]