Morphology

Question 1

Morphology

Answer 1

deals with the structure of words

Question 2

Free Form

Answer 2

elements that do not have to occur in a fixed position with respect to neighbouring elements, and (in many cases) can appear in isolation
-dinosaurs

Question 3

Morphemes

Answer 3

• smallest unit in language that carries information about lexical or grammatical meaning
• reactivate: re-, act, -iv, -ate

Question 4

Simple words

Answer 4

-monomorphemic, consisting of a single morpheme

Question 5

Complex words

Answer 5

-polymorphemic, consisting of two or more morphemes

Question 6

Morpheme types

Answer 6

• Free vs. bound
• Root vs. affix:morpheme’s position within word
• Derivational vs. inflectional

Question 7

Free vs. bound

Answer 7

• refer to the morpheme’s ability to occur on its own
• free morpheme: can be a word by itself.
• A bound morpheme: must be attached to another element.

Question 8

Root

Answer 8

• core, necessary element of a word.
• Free: English morphemes do, treat, and happy in re-do, treat-ment, un-happy.
• Bound: e.g. Japanese arui-

Question 9

Derivational vs. inflectional

Answer 9

refer to the morpheme’s function within the word

Question 10

Base

Answer 10

-part to which an affix attaches

Question 11

Affixes

Answer 11

• Affix(es): (optional) all the other morphemes in the word; affixes are always bound morphemes
• Prefix: an affix that attaches to the front of the base (re-do).
• Suffix: an affix that attaches to the end of the base (act-iv-ate).
• Infix: an affix that occurs within another morpheme. (bili-binili)

Question 12

Decomposing words into morphemes

Answer 12

-subtract the outermost morpheme and check whether the rest of the form exists as a word having the same/related meaning

Question 13

Derivation

Answer 13

• uses affixes to form words distinct from their bases in meaning and/or grammatical categories
• nation - nation-al - national-ity.
• noun adjective noun

Question 14

Parts of speech

Answer 14

• N = noun (the ___, a/an ___ ).
• V = verb (agree with the subject with respect to gender/number/person, etc.).
• A = adjective (modify N, be/look/feel/sound__ ).
• Adv = adverb (modify V, modify A, modify sentence).
• P = preposition ( __ N; in, on, with, during, etc.).

Question 15

Inflection

Answer 15

• modifies a word’s form to mark some grammatical information (as opposed to the lexical meaning). It is most often expressed by affixation
• the books, He reads well, the smaller one

Question 16

Inflectional affixation

Answer 16

• English inflection is marked by suffixation
• can express a range of grammatical meanings:
  
  • Number, Gender, Person, Tense, and Case.
  • Note, however, that inflection is not the only way to express grammatical meaning

Question 17

Number

Answer 17

• expresses contrasts for countable quantities.

- The categories of Singular, Dual, and Plural.

Question 18

Gender

Answer 18

• expresses contrasts in noun classes.
• categories of Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.
• Depending on the gender of the noun, other words agree in gender.

Question 19

Person

Answer 19

• expresses contrasts between the speaker, the addressee, and anyone else referred to in the sentence.
• First Person (speaker(s)), Second Person (addressee(s)), Third Person (anyone else).
• English 1st: I, me, we, us; 2nd: you; 3rd: he, she, it, they, them

Question 20

Tense

Answer 20

• expresses the time of an event/state in reference to the speech moment.
• Past, Present, and Future
• Progressive (continuation), Perfect (completion)
• Progressive: He is eating an apple.
• Perfect: He has eaten

Question 21

Case

Answer 21

• expresses the role of words in sentences:

- Subject, Object, Possessive/Genitive, etc.

Question 22

Internal change

Answer 22

• grammatical contrasts are indicated by substitution of segments within a root/stem
• sing-sang, drive-drove, foot-feet

Question 23

Suppletion

Answer 23

• grammatical contrasts are indicated by replacing morphemes with phonologically unrelated ones
• go-went, good-better/best

Question 24

Reduplication

Answer 24

• grammatical contrasts are indicated by repeating all or part of the base
• lakad-lalakad

Question 25

Tonal change

Answer 25

-grammatical contrasts are indicated by changing tone

Question 26

Inflectional affixes

Answer 26

-add to the lexical meaning expressed by the root (express grammatical function)

Question 27

Derivational affixes

Answer 27

• change the lexical meaning expressed by the root (and usually change its part of speech too)
• sensitive to the lexical category of its base

Question 28

Derivation of words

Answer 28

Not all affixes can attach directly to the root

Question 29

Word trees

Answer 29

show the internal structure of words

Question 30

Drawing morphological trees

Answer 30

-At the top:part of speech of the whole constituent
-For the roots: part of speech
-For affixes, X-Y, where X is the part of speech that the affix attaches to and Y is the part
of speech that the affixation leads to

Question 31

Base

Answer 31

• affix attaches to is a subconstituent of the word, which may or may not be a root.
• base for derivational affixation can always stand alone in a word

Question 32

Criteria for determining the morphological structure of a word

Answer 32

1. The base is an independent word

2. An affix attaches to bases of the same category

Question 33

Agreement

Answer 33

property of inflection to mark certain grammatical properties of another word

Question 34

agreement with subject

Answer 34

-Each sentence has a verb and a subject
-verb commonly carries a morpheme(s) that indicate person, number + gender of the subject
o Person – 1st, 2nd, 3rd
o Number – sg, dual, pl
o Gender – masculine, feminine, neuter.

Question 35

Conversion

Answer 35

• (zero derivation) changes the word category without overt affixation
• I run every morning.-It was a long run.

Question 36

Cliticization

Answer 36

• Clitics: morphemes that cannot stand on their own phonologically; they attach to a host.
• members of a lexical category (unlike affixes)
• Jean t’aime

Question 37

Compounding

Answer 37

• word-formation method that involves putting together two existing words.
• Head: morpheme that determines the category of the word
• Stress pattern is usually fixed depending on the internal structure of the compounds.
• same linear order of morphemes can have different internal structure, resulting in different meanings

Question 38

Blends

Answer 38

• produced by combining parts of two existing words.
• parts used do not correspond to morphemes, but may correspond to an initial/final syllables/strings of segments
• situation comedy-sitcom

Question 38

Back formation

Answer 38

Create new word by removing affix

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