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Voice > Phonation > Flashcards

Phonation Flashcards

0
Q

Where does vibration occur?

A

in the larynx

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1
Q

What is the primary organ for phonation?

A

the larynx

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2
Q

What is the primary source of vibration

A

the vocal cords/folds

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3
Q

Where does the larynx sit?

A

on top of the trachea and is in the midline of your neck

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4
Q

What is the larynx made of?

A

muscle and cartilage

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5
Q

Where do adults’ larynx sit in relation to their vertebrae?

A

in front of of C4-C6 vertebrae

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6
Q

Where do childrens’ larynx sit in relation to their vertebrae?

A

sits in front of the C1-C3 vertebrae

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7
Q

Which bone is the larynx suspended from?

A

the hyoid bone

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8
Q

What are the biological functions of the larynx?

A

keeps foreign objects out of the airway

-fixates the thorax for baring down such as pushing, pulling, defecating

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9
Q

What are the nonbiological functions of the larynx?

A

the vibration source for speech

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10
Q

Explain the hyoid bone

A
  • superior to the larynx
  • supports the tongue from below
  • supports the larynx from above
  • “U” shape
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11
Q

What is the front of the hyoid bone called?

A

the corpus

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12
Q

what is the back of the hyoid called?

A

the greater horns/cornu

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13
Q

Where are the lesser horns/cornu?

A

Where the smaller projections point up and the greater horns meet the body

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14
Q

How many different kinds of cartilages are there in the larynx?

A

six

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15
Q

How many total cartilages are there in the larynx?

A

nine

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16
Q

What are the 9 cartilages in the larynx?

A 
1 thyroid cartilage
1 cricoid cartilage
epiglottis
2 arytenoids
2 corniculates
2 cuniforms
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17
Q

What is the biggest cartilage in the larynx?

A

the thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage made of?

A

the two quadrilateral plates (quadrilateral laminae)

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19
Q

The quadrilateral laminae makes up what walls of the larynx?

A

lateral and anterior walls

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20
Q

Explain the angle of the thyroid?

A

the angle of the thyroid

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21
Q

What is the name of the place where the quadrilateral laminae are not completely fused?

A

the thyroid notch

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22
Q

What does the connection between the inferior horns and cricoid allow?

A

the thyroid to rock and slide (important for pitch change)

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23
Q

What is the oblique line of the thyroid?

A

the outcropping of each plate where a lot of muscles attach

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24
Q

Is the cricoid cartilage the lowest, middle or highest cartilage in the trachea?

A

the lowest

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25
Q

Where does the cricoid sit?

A

on the highest trachea ring

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26
Q

What is the cricoid shaped like?

A

a class ring (one side is smaller and then get bigger)

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27
Q

Is the skinny part of the cricoid in the front or back?

A

the front

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28
Q

What makes of the posterior wall of the larynx?

A

the large part of the cricoid (the back)

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29
Q

What is the skinny part of the cricoid called?

A

the anterior arch

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30
Q

What is the back/larger part of the cricoid called?

A

the posterior quadrate lamina

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31
Q

What is the back of the larynx called?

A

the posterior quadrate lamina

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32
Q

What is the name of the part of the cricoid that gradually gets larger?

A

the anterolateral arch

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33
Q

What are the articulator facets?

A

the indentation on both sides of the cricoid where the inferior horns of the thyroid hook into the cricoid to form the joint that helps witch pitch change

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34
Q

What is the epiglottis important for?

A

swallowing

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35
Q

Where does the epiglottis sit?

A

behind the hyoid and the root of the tongue

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36
Q

Explain the shape of the epiglottis?

A

Leaf shaped, very broad at the top and gets narrower at the bottom

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37
Q

Where does the bottom of the epiglottis insert?

A

the bottom of the hyoid

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38
Q

What is the petiolus?

A

where the epiglottis inserts into the thyroid

-just above the vocal cords

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39
Q

What shape are the arytenoids?

A

pyramidal

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40
Q

Where do the arytenoids sit?

A

on top of the posterior quadrate laminae of the cricoid

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41
Q

Each arytenoids has what two projections?

A

a muscular process and a vocal process

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42
Q

Explain the muscular process?

A
  • points laterally
  • closer to the back of the arytenoids
  • lots of muscles attach there
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43
Q

Explain the vocal process

A
  • the posterior attachment of the vocal folds

- points anteriorly

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44
Q

Describe the corniculates

A

they are vestigial-no known function

-horns that sit on top of the arytenoids

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45
Q

Describe the cuneiforms

A

wedge shaped cartilages that sit in the aryepiglottic folds

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46
Q

Why do cuneiforms sit in the aryepiglottic folds?

A

to maintain shape of the vestibule

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47
Q

What would happen if the cuneiforms weren’t helping maintain structure?

A

we wouldn’t be able to breath well or at all

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48
Q

What do the cuneiforms make up?

A

the walls of the laryngeal vestibule

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49
Q

Where is the cricothyroid joint?

A

in between the inferior horns of the thyroid and the articulator facets on the side of the cricoid

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50
Q

What part of the cricothyroid joint moves?

A

the thyroid

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51
Q

What happens when the thyroid rocks down?

A

the vocal folds stretch which, increases pitch

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52
Q

Which joint helps you accomplish pitch change?

A

cricothyroid

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53
Q

Where does the cricoarytenoid joint sit?

A

between the bottoms of the arytenoids and the top of the posterior quadrate laminae (top of the cricoid)

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54
Q

What does the cricoarytenoid joint allow?

A

the rocking of the arytenoids

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55
Q

What kind of joint is the cricoarytenoid joint?

A

sort of like a ball and socket joint

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56
Q

What happens if the arytenoids rock together?

A

the vocal folds adduct (come together)

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57
Q

What joint is responsible for voicing?

A

cricoarytenoid joint

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58
Q

What are the extrinsic ligaments/membranes of the larynx?

A
  • hyothyroid membrane
  • hyoepiglottic ligament
  • cricotracheal membrane
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59
Q

How many intrinsic laryngeal membranes/ligaments of the larynx are there?

A

one big one split into smaller parts

  • below the vocal folds: conus elasticus
  • above the vocal folds: quadrangular membranes
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60
Q

Where do the quadrangular membranes originate?

A

the lateral and anterior margins of the epiglottis

61
Q

Where do the quadrangular membranes terminate?

A

they course downward and posteriorly toward the corniculate cartilages

62
Q

What do the tops of the quadrangular membranes make up?

A

the aryepiglottic folds

63
Q

What does the bottom part of the quadrangular membranes make up?

A

the false vocal folds

64
Q

Define the glottis

A

the space in between the two true vocal folds

65
Q

What is the anterior two thirds of the glottis called?

A

the membranous glottis

66
Q

that is the posterior third of the glottis called?

A

cartilaginous glottis

67
Q

What is Morg agni space?

A

the open space in between the true vocal folds and the false vocal folds

68
Q

The is the open space above the false vocal folds

A

the vestibule

69
Q

How do we want the vestibule during swallowing?

A

closed

70
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

A

stabilize the larynx so the intrinsic muscles can work to make your voice work

71
Q

What are the names of the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • Digastric: anterior and posterior
  • Mylohyoid
  • Stylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
72
Q

What is the purpose of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

elevate the larynx

73
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Omohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
74
Q

What is the job the the infrahyoid muscles?

A

depress the larynx

75
Q

What is the job of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

pull down/depress the larynx

76
Q

What happens when you activate both the infrahyoid and the intrinsic laryngeal muscles at once?

A

stabilize the larynx

77
Q

What are the two parts of the cricothyroid?

A

pars recta and pars oblique

78
Q

What is the only intrinsic muscle that is innervated by the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve?

A

cricothyriod

79
Q

What are most intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervated by?

A

the laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

80
Q

Where do both the pars recta and pars oblique of the cricothyroid originate from?

A

the anterolateral arch of the cricoid

81
Q

Where does the pars recta of the cricoid terminate?

A

the quadrilateral plate of the thyroid

82
Q

Where does the pars oblique of the cricothyroid terminate?

A

the inferior horn of the thyroid

83
Q

What is the main tensor of the larynx?

A

cricothyroid

84
Q

What is the thyroarytenoid complex (TAC)?

A

the vocal folds

85
Q

is the thyroarytenoid complex adductor, tensor or relaxer?

A

all of them, but mainly a relaxer

- the only one the larynx has

86
Q

The thyroidarytenoid complex (TAC) is made up of how many muscles and ligaments?

A

two muscle and one ligament

87
Q

What are the muscles and ligaments of the thyroarytenoid (TAC) complex?

A
  • vocal ligament
  • thyrovocalis
  • thyromuscularis
88
Q

What does the thyrovocalis do?

A

tensing; fine tuning of pitches

89
Q

What does the thyromuscularis do?

A

more for relaxing

-helps vocal folds shorten/relax and pitch decreases

90
Q

What is the name of the place where the vocal folds are always together?

A

the anterior comissure

91
Q

What is the job of the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)?

A

adduct the vocal folds

92
Q

What does the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) do?

A

abduct the vocal folds (pull them open)

93
Q

What is the only muscle of the larynx that doesn’t have anything to do with adduction?

A

the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)

94
Q

What is the only unpaired intrinsic laryngeal muscle?

A

the transverse arytenoid

95
Q

What does the transverse arytenoid do?

A

helps adduct the arytenoids

96
Q

What other muscle does the transverse interarytenoid help with?

A

the lateral cricoarytenoid

97
Q

what do the oblique interarytenoids help with?

A

adduction the arytenoids

98
Q

What are the four functions the intrinsic muscle can accomplish?

A

tension, relaxation, adduction and abduction

99
Q

Is the body cover model comprised of muscle and ligaments?

A

no-it’s a very loose covering

100
Q

What is the only part of the vocal fold that vibrates during falsetto or soft talking?

A

epithelium

101
Q

What is the most external layer of the vocal folds?

A

the epenthelium

102
Q

What is the basement membrane zone?

A

membrane that attaches the epithelium to the next layer in

103
Q

What layer of the vocal fold is after the epithelium?

A

the basement membrane zone

104
Q

What is the next layer in after the basement membrane zone?

A

the superficial layer or “Reinke’s space”

105
Q

What is the part of the vocal fold covering that vibrates the most?

A

the superficial layer or “reinke’s space”

106
Q

Explain the transition area between the cover and the body of the vocal folds

A

made u the the intermediate layer of the laminae propria and the deep layer of the laminae propria

107
Q

What helps make up the vocal ligament?

A

the intermediate layer-very elastic

108
Q

What makes up the body of the vocal folds?

A

the vocalis and the thyromuscularis

109
Q

What does the body cover model say?

A

the more you get the body involved in vibration, the more complex wave the vocal folds will have and the more versatile your voice will be

110
Q

What is the laminae propria made of?

A

fat, which helps it vibrate so well

111
Q

What do newborns not have?

A

a vocal ligament

112
Q

When does the vocal ligament develop?

A

between the ages of 1 and 4

113
Q

at what age does the full three layered laminae propria develop?

A

15

114
Q

What changes happen to the vocal folds as you age?

A
  • the muscles atrophy (causes less mass=higher pitch)
  • some of the layers of the laminae propria get less elastic
  • some layers get edema
115
Q

physiology of the vocal folds

A

n/1=1/L x T/M

116
Q

what is frequency measured in?

A

hertz

117
Q

How many vocal fold cycles do average women have?

A

200 per seconds

118
Q

How many vocal fold cycles do most men have?

A

about 125 per second

119
Q

What happens when tension of the vocal folds increases?

A

pitch increases

120
Q

What happens as we increase mass?

A

we decrease pitch

121
Q

What happens as length of the vocal folds increases?

A

pitch decreases

122
Q

What happens when length of the vocal folds decreases?

A

pitch increases

123
Q

What is the prephonation phase?

A

when the vocal folds go from abducted to adducted

124
Q

What happens when you get the vocal folds towards closed?

A

subglottal air pressure builds up under then

125
Q

What gets the vocal folds from abducted to adducted?

A

the lateral cricoarytenoid

126
Q

What is toeing?

A

when the very backs of the vocal folds don’t close

127
Q

What is working during toeing? And what is not working during toeing?

A

The LCA is working but the interarytenoids aren’t

128
Q

What gets the arytenoids together?

A

the interarytenoids

129
Q

What does toeing cause? (increased or decreased length)

A

decreased length-which causes pitch to increase

130
Q

What is bowing?

A

when the arytenoids are coming together but not the vocal process

131
Q

What is working during bowing and what is is not?

A

the interarytenoids are working but the LCA is not

132
Q

What is the point of the attack phase of phonation?

A

to go from near adduction to the onset of vibration

133
Q

What happens once you get complete closure of the vocal folds?

A

release of subglottal air pressure

134
Q

The tighter the vocal folds….

A

the more subglottal air you need to break through them

135
Q

Explain the Bernoulli Effect

A

as air pressure moves through a narrow space, air pressure behind the flow of air becomes lower, anything that can move into the lower pressure area will
-this causes the vocal folds to briefly close before they open again

136
Q

What are the three types of attack?

A
  • normal attack
  • glottal attack
  • breathy
137
Q

What happens during normal/simultaneous attack?

A

adduction and the release of air are timed to coincide

138
Q

What happens during glottal attack?

A

when you get excess closure before the release of air

139
Q

What attack is considered hyperfunction of the vocal folds>

A

glottal attack

-too much tension/function

140
Q

What happens during a breathy attack?

A

when the air release occurs before you get the vocal folds completely adducted

141
Q

Which attack is considered hypofunction of the vocal folds?

A

breathy attack

-they have reduced function

142
Q

What does the myoelastic aerodynamic theory say?

A

When you are phonating, the arytenoids never come apart. They keep constant tension of the muscle to keep them adducted, and the air pressure causes to vocal folds to continue to open and close

143
Q

How much range do most people have?

A

about two octave

144
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

the average rate of vibration

-what you speak at most of the time

145
Q

Everyone’s optimal pitch should be…

A

normal for age, gender and size

146
Q

Fundamental frequency and optimal pitch should be…

A

the same

147
Q

What is the main tensor for vocal folds?

A

the cricothyroid

-main mechanism for increasing pitch

148
Q

What is the thyrovocalis used for?

A

intonation of speak

149
Q

What is the thyromuscularis used for?

A

decreasing tension to relax vocal folds-

-which decreases pitch

150
Q

How can we increase intensity/volume during phonation?

A

-increase muscular tension during adduction, which increases the subglottal air pressure needed to break through

Voice (5 decks)

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