Phonation Flashcards
(151 cards)
0
Q
Where does vibration occur?
A
in the larynx
1
Q
What is the primary organ for phonation?
A
the larynx
2
Q
What is the primary source of vibration
A
the vocal cords/folds
3
Q
Where does the larynx sit?
A
on top of the trachea and is in the midline of your neck
4
Q
What is the larynx made of?
A
muscle and cartilage
5
Q
Where do adults’ larynx sit in relation to their vertebrae?
A
in front of of C4-C6 vertebrae
6
Q
Where do childrens’ larynx sit in relation to their vertebrae?
A
sits in front of the C1-C3 vertebrae
7
Q
Which bone is the larynx suspended from?
A
the hyoid bone
8
Q
What are the biological functions of the larynx?
A
keeps foreign objects out of the airway
-fixates the thorax for baring down such as pushing, pulling, defecating
9
Q
What are the nonbiological functions of the larynx?
A
the vibration source for speech
10
Q
Explain the hyoid bone
A
- superior to the larynx
- supports the tongue from below
- supports the larynx from above
- “U” shape
11
Q
What is the front of the hyoid bone called?
A
the corpus
12
Q
what is the back of the hyoid called?
A
the greater horns/cornu
13
Q
Where are the lesser horns/cornu?
A
Where the smaller projections point up and the greater horns meet the body
14
Q
How many different kinds of cartilages are there in the larynx?
A
six
15
Q
How many total cartilages are there in the larynx?
A
nine
16
Q
What are the 9 cartilages in the larynx?
A
1 thyroid cartilage 1 cricoid cartilage epiglottis 2 arytenoids 2 corniculates 2 cuniforms
17
Q
What is the biggest cartilage in the larynx?
A
the thyroid cartilage
18
Q
What is the thyroid cartilage made of?
A
the two quadrilateral plates (quadrilateral laminae)
19
Q
The quadrilateral laminae makes up what walls of the larynx?
A
lateral and anterior walls
20
Q
Explain the angle of the thyroid?
A
the angle of the thyroid
21
Q
What is the name of the place where the quadrilateral laminae are not completely fused?
A
the thyroid notch
22
Q
What does the connection between the inferior horns and cricoid allow?
A
the thyroid to rock and slide (important for pitch change)
23
Q
What is the oblique line of the thyroid?
A
the outcropping of each plate where a lot of muscles attach
24
Is the cricoid cartilage the lowest, middle or highest cartilage in the trachea?
the lowest
25
Where does the cricoid sit?
on the highest trachea ring
26
What is the cricoid shaped like?
a class ring (one side is smaller and then get bigger)
27
Is the skinny part of the cricoid in the front or back?
the front
28
What makes of the posterior wall of the larynx?
the large part of the cricoid (the back)
29
What is the skinny part of the cricoid called?
the anterior arch
30
What is the back/larger part of the cricoid called?
the posterior quadrate lamina
31
What is the back of the larynx called?
the posterior quadrate lamina
32
What is the name of the part of the cricoid that gradually gets larger?
the anterolateral arch
33
What are the articulator facets?
the indentation on both sides of the cricoid where the inferior horns of the thyroid hook into the cricoid to form the joint that helps witch pitch change
34
What is the epiglottis important for?
swallowing
35
Where does the epiglottis sit?
behind the hyoid and the root of the tongue
36
Explain the shape of the epiglottis?
Leaf shaped, very broad at the top and gets narrower at the bottom
37
Where does the bottom of the epiglottis insert?
the bottom of the hyoid
38
What is the petiolus?
where the epiglottis inserts into the thyroid
| -just above the vocal cords
39
What shape are the arytenoids?
pyramidal
40
Where do the arytenoids sit?
on top of the posterior quadrate laminae of the cricoid
41
Each arytenoids has what two projections?
a muscular process and a vocal process
42
Explain the muscular process?
- points laterally
- closer to the back of the arytenoids
- lots of muscles attach there
43
Explain the vocal process
- the posterior attachment of the vocal folds
| - points anteriorly
44
Describe the corniculates
they are vestigial-no known function
| -horns that sit on top of the arytenoids
45
Describe the cuneiforms
wedge shaped cartilages that sit in the aryepiglottic folds
46
Why do cuneiforms sit in the aryepiglottic folds?
to maintain shape of the vestibule
47
What would happen if the cuneiforms weren't helping maintain structure?
we wouldn't be able to breath well or at all
48
What do the cuneiforms make up?
the walls of the laryngeal vestibule
49
Where is the cricothyroid joint?
in between the inferior horns of the thyroid and the articulator facets on the side of the cricoid
50
What part of the cricothyroid joint moves?
the thyroid
51
What happens when the thyroid rocks down?
the vocal folds stretch which, increases pitch
52
Which joint helps you accomplish pitch change?
cricothyroid
53
Where does the cricoarytenoid joint sit?
between the bottoms of the arytenoids and the top of the posterior quadrate laminae (top of the cricoid)
54
What does the cricoarytenoid joint allow?
the rocking of the arytenoids
55
What kind of joint is the cricoarytenoid joint?
sort of like a ball and socket joint
56
What happens if the arytenoids rock together?
the vocal folds adduct (come together)
57
What joint is responsible for voicing?
cricoarytenoid joint
58
What are the extrinsic ligaments/membranes of the larynx?
- hyothyroid membrane
- hyoepiglottic ligament
- cricotracheal membrane
59
How many intrinsic laryngeal membranes/ligaments of the larynx are there?
one big one split into smaller parts
- below the vocal folds: conus elasticus
- above the vocal folds: quadrangular membranes
60
Where do the quadrangular membranes originate?
the lateral and anterior margins of the epiglottis
61
Where do the quadrangular membranes terminate?
they course downward and posteriorly toward the corniculate cartilages
62
What do the tops of the quadrangular membranes make up?
the aryepiglottic folds
63
What does the bottom part of the quadrangular membranes make up?
the false vocal folds
64
Define the glottis
the space in between the two true vocal folds
65
What is the anterior two thirds of the glottis called?
the membranous glottis
66
that is the posterior third of the glottis called?
cartilaginous glottis
67
What is Morg agni space?
the open space in between the true vocal folds and the false vocal folds
68
The is the open space above the false vocal folds
the vestibule
69
How do we want the vestibule during swallowing?
closed
70
What do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do?
stabilize the larynx so the intrinsic muscles can work to make your voice work
71
What are the names of the suprahyoid muscles?
- Digastric: anterior and posterior
- Mylohyoid
- Stylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
72
What is the purpose of the suprahyoid muscles?
elevate the larynx
73
What are the infrahyoid muscles?
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Omohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
74
What is the job the the infrahyoid muscles?
depress the larynx
75
What is the job of the infrahyoid muscles?
pull down/depress the larynx
76
What happens when you activate both the infrahyoid and the intrinsic laryngeal muscles at once?
stabilize the larynx
77
What are the two parts of the cricothyroid?
pars recta and pars oblique
78
What is the only intrinsic muscle that is innervated by the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve?
cricothyriod
79
What are most intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervated by?
the laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
80
Where do both the pars recta and pars oblique of the cricothyroid originate from?
the anterolateral arch of the cricoid
81
Where does the pars recta of the cricoid terminate?
the quadrilateral plate of the thyroid
82
Where does the pars oblique of the cricothyroid terminate?
the inferior horn of the thyroid
83
What is the main tensor of the larynx?
cricothyroid
84
What is the thyroarytenoid complex (TAC)?
the vocal folds
85
is the thyroarytenoid complex adductor, tensor or relaxer?
all of them, but mainly a relaxer
| - the only one the larynx has
86
The thyroidarytenoid complex (TAC) is made up of how many muscles and ligaments?
two muscle and one ligament
87
What are the muscles and ligaments of the thyroarytenoid (TAC) complex?
- vocal ligament
- thyrovocalis
- thyromuscularis
88
What does the thyrovocalis do?
tensing; fine tuning of pitches
89
What does the thyromuscularis do?
more for relaxing
| -helps vocal folds shorten/relax and pitch decreases
90
What is the name of the place where the vocal folds are always together?
the anterior comissure
91
What is the job of the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)?
adduct the vocal folds
92
What does the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) do?
abduct the vocal folds (pull them open)
93
What is the only muscle of the larynx that doesn't have anything to do with adduction?
the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)
94
What is the only unpaired intrinsic laryngeal muscle?
the transverse arytenoid
95
What does the transverse arytenoid do?
helps adduct the arytenoids
96
What other muscle does the transverse interarytenoid help with?
the lateral cricoarytenoid
97
what do the oblique interarytenoids help with?
adduction the arytenoids
98
What are the four functions the intrinsic muscle can accomplish?
tension, relaxation, adduction and abduction
99
Is the body cover model comprised of muscle and ligaments?
no-it's a very loose covering
100
What is the only part of the vocal fold that vibrates during falsetto or soft talking?
epithelium
101
What is the most external layer of the vocal folds?
the epenthelium
102
What is the basement membrane zone?
membrane that attaches the epithelium to the next layer in
103
What layer of the vocal fold is after the epithelium?
the basement membrane zone
104
What is the next layer in after the basement membrane zone?
the superficial layer or "Reinke's space"
105
What is the part of the vocal fold covering that vibrates the most?
the superficial layer or "reinke's space"
106
Explain the transition area between the cover and the body of the vocal folds
made u the the intermediate layer of the laminae propria and the deep layer of the laminae propria
107
What helps make up the vocal ligament?
the intermediate layer-very elastic
108
What makes up the body of the vocal folds?
the vocalis and the thyromuscularis
109
What does the body cover model say?
the more you get the body involved in vibration, the more complex wave the vocal folds will have and the more versatile your voice will be
110
What is the laminae propria made of?
fat, which helps it vibrate so well
111
What do newborns not have?
a vocal ligament
112
When does the vocal ligament develop?
between the ages of 1 and 4
113
at what age does the full three layered laminae propria develop?
15
114
What changes happen to the vocal folds as you age?
- the muscles atrophy (causes less mass=higher pitch)
- some of the layers of the laminae propria get less elastic
- some layers get edema
115
physiology of the vocal folds
n/1=1/L x T/M
116
what is frequency measured in?
hertz
117
How many vocal fold cycles do average women have?
200 per seconds
118
How many vocal fold cycles do most men have?
about 125 per second
119
What happens when tension of the vocal folds increases?
pitch increases
120
What happens as we increase mass?
we decrease pitch
121
What happens as length of the vocal folds increases?
pitch decreases
122
What happens when length of the vocal folds decreases?
pitch increases
123
What is the prephonation phase?
when the vocal folds go from abducted to adducted
124
What happens when you get the vocal folds towards closed?
subglottal air pressure builds up under then
125
What gets the vocal folds from abducted to adducted?
the lateral cricoarytenoid
126
What is toeing?
when the very backs of the vocal folds don't close
127
What is working during toeing? And what is not working during toeing?
The LCA is working but the interarytenoids aren't
128
What gets the arytenoids together?
the interarytenoids
129
What does toeing cause? (increased or decreased length)
decreased length-which causes pitch to increase
130
What is bowing?
when the arytenoids are coming together but not the vocal process
131
What is working during bowing and what is is not?
the interarytenoids are working but the LCA is not
132
What is the point of the attack phase of phonation?
to go from near adduction to the onset of vibration
133
What happens once you get complete closure of the vocal folds?
release of subglottal air pressure
134
The tighter the vocal folds....
the more subglottal air you need to break through them
135
Explain the Bernoulli Effect
as air pressure moves through a narrow space, air pressure behind the flow of air becomes lower, anything that can move into the lower pressure area will
-this causes the vocal folds to briefly close before they open again
136
What are the three types of attack?
- normal attack
- glottal attack
- breathy
137
What happens during normal/simultaneous attack?
adduction and the release of air are timed to coincide
138
What happens during glottal attack?
when you get excess closure before the release of air
139
What attack is considered hyperfunction of the vocal folds>
glottal attack
| -too much tension/function
140
What happens during a breathy attack?
when the air release occurs before you get the vocal folds completely adducted
141
Which attack is considered hypofunction of the vocal folds?
breathy attack
| -they have reduced function
142
What does the myoelastic aerodynamic theory say?
When you are phonating, the arytenoids never come apart. They keep constant tension of the muscle to keep them adducted, and the air pressure causes to vocal folds to continue to open and close
143
How much range do most people have?
about two octave
144
What is fundamental frequency?
the average rate of vibration
| -what you speak at most of the time
145
Everyone's optimal pitch should be...
normal for age, gender and size
146
Fundamental frequency and optimal pitch should be...
the same
147
What is the main tensor for vocal folds?
the cricothyroid
| -main mechanism for increasing pitch
148
What is the thyrovocalis used for?
intonation of speak
149
What is the thyromuscularis used for?
decreasing tension to relax vocal folds-
| -which decreases pitch
150
How can we increase intensity/volume during phonation?
-increase muscular tension during adduction, which increases the subglottal air pressure needed to break through
