Philosophy Vocabulary Section 1 Flashcards
What is an Argument?
A set of claims, or statements, where one claim, the conclusion, is supported by the others, called premises. The goal of an argument: support a conclusion with reasoning.
What is a Deductive Argument?
Water-tight, (no) reasonable doubt that an argument is true/untrue
What is an Inductive Argument?
Attempts to establish the probable or likely truth of the conclusion.
Attempts to establish the probable or likeliness in which the conclusion is true/false
What is Soundness when referring to an Argument?
Deductive
Has ALL true premises.
A sound argument is valid because if all of its premises are true then its conclusion must also be true. Because the premises are also true, the conclusion can be deducted to be a sound argument.
What is VALIDITY? How can one determine if something is Valid?
A judgment fixating on the logical relationship between premises and the conclusion of a deductive argument. An argument is valid when all the premises guarantees that the conclusion has to be true. Therefore, one can conclude that the argument is valid.
What is a Premise?
a statement or idea that serves as the foundation of an argument. Premises can be explicit, meaning they are explicitly stated, or implicit, meaning they are left unsaid. An argument is meaningful only when all of its premises are true.
(In terms of Philosophy is what I looked up)
a statement or idea that serves as the basis for an argument. Premises are used to support a conclusion. They are the statement(s)/topic(s) being argued. Premises can be explicit, meaning they are explicitly stated; or implicit, meaning they are left unsaid.
What are the 4 well-known valid Argument forms and how are they expressed - know the structure at least the terminology doesn’t have to be known.
Modus Ponens: If P, then Q
Modus Tollens: If P, then Q Not Q
Disjunctive Syllogism: P or Q Not P
Hypothetical Syllogism: If P the Q If Q then R
What are the 3 Inductive Argument Forms and their depictions? - know the structure at least the terminology doesn’t have to be known.
Enumerative: All Observed P are F
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Therefore All P are F
Analogy: 1. F is like P
2. P has property A
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Therefore F has Property A
Inference to the Best Explanation:
1. P
2. The best explanation for P is A.
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Therefore: A
Standard Form
A way to present an argument that identifies the premises and conclusion. As well as how many premises there are. It’s a graphical method that involves separating and numbering the premises, placing them above a line, and then placing the conclusion below the line. The conclusion is listed last below the line.
- Premise
- Premise
- Premise
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C. Conclusion
Conclusion
The proposition that an argument or analysis leads to; and what the arguer wants people to believe. - Words indicating conclusiveness - EX: Therefore, Thus, Hence, or It Follows That
Abductive
a type of explanatory reasoning that involves making a probable conclusion based on what is known.
Analogical
a way of thinking that compares two or more things to draw conclusions based on their similarities.
Pedagogical
The philosophy of education - a perspective that can help us understand pedagogy, which is a systematic way of organizing education. Pedagogy considers the purpose of education and how to educate people. Pedagogy can balance the need to develop a person’s reason and autonomy as an individual with the need to develop their social awareness and responsibility as a citizen.
Dialogical
a dialogue-based approach to logic and argumentation rooted in a research tradition that goes back to dialectics in Greek Antiquity, when problems were approached through dialogues in which opposing parties discussed a thesis through questions and answers.
Ockham’s Razor
the belief that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one
Metaphysics
the study of reality and existence.
Alvin Planga
modern day ( still alive ha ) - philosopher of religion - may be a bonus question or something - not mentioned but has potential
Statement
Anything that is true or false.
Philosophy
Greek Word
Phlio/sophy
Philia Sophia
Love of (Sophy Part) Wisdom/Knowledge/Understanding
Pursuit of/Seeking out of - (Philo) -
The pursuit of knowledge
Cogent
a strong, non-deductive argument that is clear, coherent, and convincing. Cogent arguments are good because they provide probable support for a conclusion, but the conclusion is not guaranteed to be true
Skeptical
the idea that some or all knowledge is impossible or that knowledge claims are unreliable. Skeptics question the basis of knowledge claims and whether they are truly indubitable or rational.
Darwinian Evolution
the correct account of how the vast
diversity amongst living species came about, there are those who aren’t convinced.
Who were Socrates, Aristotle, Plato lecture 1-4
Socrates death -
Poisoned to death due to impiety, philosopher - taught youth to question the world
Euthyphro
is having his father Meletus put on trial for murder
What are Euthyphro’s 5 definitions of Piety
Definition 1
Piety is what Euthyphro is currently doing, which is prosecuting wrongdoers. Socrates rejects this definition as an example of piety rather than a general definition.
Definition 2
Piety is what is loved by the gods. Socrates criticizes this definition because the gods may disagree on what is pleasing.
Definition 3
Piety is what is loved by all the gods. Socrates criticizes this definition with a subtle but powerful argument.
Definition 4
Piety is the part of justice that involves caring for the gods. Socrates criticizes this definition because the notion of care is unclear.
Definition 5
Piety is saying and doing what is pleasing to the gods at prayer and sacrifice. Socrates criticizes this definition because it is essentially the same as the third definition.
King Archon
Court to settle religious problems - Socrates charged at one of the locations
King Archon isn’t actually a king (Athens is a democracy at this point,
remember), but rather the judge who presides over court cases dealing with religious crimes.
Impious
lacking in reverence or proper respect (as for God or one’s parents) : irreverent.
What is Euthyphro’s court case about?
He is prosecuting his father for murder.
What were the stances and the results of the case between Socrates and the 3 prosecutors?
Socrates ended up being poisoned to death
What role did Socrates take during his time in the court? Explain that Role.
the accused. Is accused of religious transgressions and is present at the court for a possible trial.
Who is Meletus
Meletus was a poet who initiated the prosecution of Socrates for impiety, alleging that Socrates corrupted the youth of Athens.
Epistemology
the study of what knowledge is
Propositional Knowledge
Propositional Knowledge:
Manuela knows that her first and last names are “Manyela Lens” - Statement of the Known
Billy knows that 2+2=4 - Statement of the Known
Someone knows that…
Someone = (S)
Propositional = (P)
(S) Knows that…
(S) Knows that (P)
(S) Knows that (P) if & Only if
(S) Knows that (P) if & Only if P is True
Luke Knows that (P) if & Only if P is True
(S) Knows that (P) if & Only if (S)
Know How Knowledge:
Know How Knowledge:
Taylor knows how to cook - Know How Knowledge
Emily knows how to drive - Know How Knowledge