Philosophy Vocabulary Section 1

Question 1

What is an Argument?

Answer 1

A set of claims, or statements, where one claim, the conclusion, is supported by the others, called premises. The goal of an argument: support a conclusion with reasoning.

Question 2

What is a Deductive Argument?

Answer 2

Water-tight, (no) reasonable doubt that an argument is true/untrue

Question 3

What is an Inductive Argument?

Answer 3

Attempts to establish the probable or likely truth of the conclusion.

Attempts to establish the probable or likeliness in which the conclusion is true/false

Question 4

What is Soundness when referring to an Argument?

Answer 4

Deductive
Has ALL true premises.
A sound argument is valid because if all of its premises are true then its conclusion must also be true. Because the premises are also true, the conclusion can be deducted to be a sound argument.

Question 5

What is VALIDITY? How can one determine if something is Valid?

Answer 5

A judgment fixating on the logical relationship between premises and the conclusion of a deductive argument. An argument is valid when all the premises guarantees that the conclusion has to be true. Therefore, one can conclude that the argument is valid.

Question 6

What is a Premise?

Answer 6

a statement or idea that serves as the foundation of an argument. Premises can be explicit, meaning they are explicitly stated, or implicit, meaning they are left unsaid. An argument is meaningful only when all of its premises are true.

(In terms of Philosophy is what I looked up)
a statement or idea that serves as the basis for an argument. Premises are used to support a conclusion. They are the statement(s)/topic(s) being argued. Premises can be explicit, meaning they are explicitly stated; or implicit, meaning they are left unsaid.

Question 7

What are the 4 well-known valid Argument forms and how are they expressed - know the structure at least the terminology doesn’t have to be known.

Answer 7

Modus Ponens: If P, then Q

Modus Tollens: If P, then Q Not Q

Disjunctive Syllogism: P or Q Not P

Hypothetical Syllogism: If P the Q If Q then R

Question 8

What are the 3 Inductive Argument Forms and their depictions? - know the structure at least the terminology doesn’t have to be known.

Answer 8

Enumerative: All Observed P are F
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Therefore All P are F
Analogy: 1. F is like P
2. P has property A
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Therefore F has Property A

Inference to the Best Explanation:
1. P
2. The best explanation for P is A.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Therefore: A

Question 9

Standard Form

Answer 9

A way to present an argument that identifies the premises and conclusion. As well as how many premises there are. It’s a graphical method that involves separating and numbering the premises, placing them above a line, and then placing the conclusion below the line. The conclusion is listed last below the line.

1. Premise
2. Premise
3. Premise
   - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   C. Conclusion

Question 10

Conclusion

Answer 10

The proposition that an argument or analysis leads to; and what the arguer wants people to believe. - Words indicating conclusiveness - EX: Therefore, Thus, Hence, or It Follows That

Question 11

Abductive

Answer 11

a type of explanatory reasoning that involves making a probable conclusion based on what is known.

Question 12

Analogical

Answer 12

a way of thinking that compares two or more things to draw conclusions based on their similarities.

Question 13

Pedagogical

Answer 13

The philosophy of education - a perspective that can help us understand pedagogy, which is a systematic way of organizing education. Pedagogy considers the purpose of education and how to educate people. Pedagogy can balance the need to develop a person’s reason and autonomy as an individual with the need to develop their social awareness and responsibility as a citizen.

Question 14

Dialogical

Answer 14

a dialogue-based approach to logic and argumentation rooted in a research tradition that goes back to dialectics in Greek Antiquity, when problems were approached through dialogues in which opposing parties discussed a thesis through questions and answers.

Question 15

Ockham’s Razor

Answer 15

the belief that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one

Question 16

Metaphysics

Answer 16

the study of reality and existence.

Question 17

Alvin Planga

Answer 17

modern day ( still alive ha ) - philosopher of religion - may be a bonus question or something - not mentioned but has potential

Question 18

Statement

Answer 18

Anything that is true or false.

Question 19

Philosophy

Answer 19

Greek Word
Phlio/sophy
Philia Sophia
Love of (Sophy Part) Wisdom/Knowledge/Understanding
Pursuit of/Seeking out of - (Philo) -
The pursuit of knowledge

Question 20

Cogent

Answer 20

a strong, non-deductive argument that is clear, coherent, and convincing. Cogent arguments are good because they provide probable support for a conclusion, but the conclusion is not guaranteed to be true

Question 21

Skeptical

Answer 21

the idea that some or all knowledge is impossible or that knowledge claims are unreliable. Skeptics question the basis of knowledge claims and whether they are truly indubitable or rational.

Question 22

Darwinian Evolution

Answer 22

the correct account of how the vast
diversity amongst living species came about, there are those who aren’t convinced.

Question 23

Who were Socrates, Aristotle, Plato lecture 1-4

Answer 23

Socrates death -
Poisoned to death due to impiety, philosopher - taught youth to question the world

Question 24

Euthyphro

Answer 24

is having his father Meletus put on trial for murder

Question 25

What are Euthyphro's 5 definitions of Piety

Answer 25

Definition 1 Piety is what Euthyphro is currently doing, which is prosecuting wrongdoers. Socrates rejects this definition as an example of piety rather than a general definition. Definition 2 Piety is what is loved by the gods. Socrates criticizes this definition because the gods may disagree on what is pleasing. Definition 3 Piety is what is loved by all the gods. Socrates criticizes this definition with a subtle but powerful argument. Definition 4 Piety is the part of justice that involves caring for the gods. Socrates criticizes this definition because the notion of care is unclear. Definition 5 Piety is saying and doing what is pleasing to the gods at prayer and sacrifice. Socrates criticizes this definition because it is essentially the same as the third definition.

Question 26

King Archon

Answer 26

Court to settle religious problems - Socrates charged at one of the locations King Archon isn't actually a king (Athens is a democracy at this point, remember), but rather the judge who presides over court cases dealing with religious crimes.

Question 27

Impious

Answer 27

lacking in reverence or proper respect (as for God or one's parents) : irreverent.

Question 28

What is Euthyphro's court case about?

Answer 28

He is prosecuting his father for murder.

Question 29

What were the stances and the results of the case between Socrates and the 3 prosecutors?

Answer 29

Socrates ended up being poisoned to death

Question 30

What role did Socrates take during his time in the court? Explain that Role.

Answer 30

the accused. Is accused of religious transgressions and is present at the court for a possible trial.

Question 31

Who is Meletus

Answer 31

Meletus was a poet who initiated the prosecution of Socrates for impiety, alleging that Socrates corrupted the youth of Athens.

Question 32

Epistemology

Answer 32

the study of what knowledge is

Question 33

Propositional Knowledge

Answer 33

Propositional Knowledge: Manuela knows that her first and last names are “Manyela Lens” - Statement of the Known Billy knows that 2+2=4 - Statement of the Known Someone knows that… Someone = (S) Propositional = (P) (S) Knows that… (S) Knows that (P) (S) Knows that (P) if & Only if (S) Knows that (P) if & Only if P is True Luke Knows that (P) if & Only if P is True (S) Knows that (P) if & Only if (S)

Question 34

Know How Knowledge:

Answer 34

Know How Knowledge: Taylor knows how to cook - Know How Knowledge Emily knows how to drive - Know How Knowledge

Question 35

Acquaintance Knowledge

Answer 35

Acquaintance Knowledge: Emily Knows Rachel - Acquaintance Knowledge Joseph Knows Seoul - Acquaintance Knowledge

Question 36

Empirical Evidence

Answer 36

S Knows that P if and only if (a) P is true (truth condition) (b) s believes P ( belief Condition) (c ) s has proof of P (justification condition) S can guarantee the truth of P S can rule out the possibility that P is not true

Question 37

"cogito ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am") was coined during what period? Also, what does this phrase mean

Answer 37

I think _______ I am a guy ____ therefore I am - kind of like it is what it is . It is deductive. It means - since others cannot prove it wrong therefore it can plainly just be. (exist)

Question 38

Who is the accused, who is the accuser, and who is the judge?

Answer 38

The accused is Socrates, Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon are the prosecutors

Question 39

Rene' Descartes (1596-1650)

Answer 39

Rene Descartes - saw Jupiters moons, and taught the sun goes around the earth, geocentric - philosophers globally began to discuss the heliocentric view of things

Question 40

George Berkeley

Answer 40

Berkeley disagrees with realism and believes it is BS. If an object is not perceived; it cannot be real. Believes in Idealism. In the Principles and the Three Dialogues Berkeley defends two metaphysical theses: idealism (the claim that everything that exists either is a mind or depends on a mind for its existence) and immaterialism (the claim that matter does not exist).

Question 41

Aporetic Dialogues

Answer 41

Plato's early dialogues are often called his 'aporetic' (Greek: ἀπορητικός) dialogues because they typically end in aporia. In such a dialogue, Socrates questions his interlocutor about the nature or definition of a concept, for example virtue or courage.

Question 42

Aporia

Answer 42

Puzzlement Perplexity

Question 43

Rhetoric

Answer 43

use positive almost manipulation however it depends on the context as well as one’s intent, body language, and vocalizations - such as inflections, as well as “tells” that may indicate deceptive intent - (though this is not always accurate)

Question 44

Eunoia

Answer 44

The goodwill the speaker establishes with the audience

Question 45

Arete

Answer 45

The speaker's moral virtue or charity

Question 46

Phronesis

Answer 46

The speaker's wisdom or intelligence

Question 47

What is a philosophical argument?

Answer 47

It’s an argument that is explained with some degree of logical evidence.

Question 48

What's the difference between a deductive argument and an inductive argument?

Answer 48

A deductive argument can be concluded if the premises are water-tight facts resulting in a water-tight conclusion. An inductive argument contains hypotheticals, possibility, and chance.

Question 49

Why are Socrates and Euthyphro present at the court of King Archon?

Answer 49

Socrates is currently facing a legal charge of impiety (being disrespectful to the gods), while Euthyphro has come to the court to prosecute his own father for murder

Question 50

In claiming that he is acting piously, contrary to his family's condemnation of him, what knowledge is Euthyphro presuming to have?

Answer 50

The Knowledge of the definition of piety.

Question 51

What is Divine Command Theory and how does Socrates' criticism of Euthyphro's third definition of piety raise a parallel problem for Divine Command Theory?

Answer 51

Divine Command Theory states that an action is morally good simply because God commands it, meaning morality is entirely dependent on God's will

Question 52

How does the Euthyphro dialogue end?

Answer 52

The dialogue when Euthyphro leaves in frustration after failing to define "piety"

Question 53

Plato’s “Apology”: - Why did Socrates go about trying to find someone wiser than himself? What was his motivation for undertaking this quest?:

Answer 53

to understand the true meaning of wisdom by examining others who were considered wise,

Question 54

What three groups of people did Socrates seek out in attempting to find someone wiser than him?

Answer 54

politicians, then the poets, and then the skilled craftsmen from Athens

Question 55

What was the kind of question that Socrates would ask of people in trying to determine what they knew? And what would prompt him to ask such a question in the first place? (Hint: think back to how the Euthyphro began.)

Answer 55

What is piety, and what is impiety?

Question 56

In what sense did Socrates consider himself the wisest of all men?

Answer 56

he alone was prepared to admit his own ignorance rather than pretend to know something he did not.

Question 57

How are philosophical definitions (as opposed to dictionary definitions) expressed?

Answer 57

Dictionary definitions are lexical - commonly understood use of s word inn language whereas philosophical definitions dive into the underlying properties, broader implications and meanings

Question 58

What is a necessary condition? What is a sufficient condition?

Answer 58

A necessary condition is a condition that must be present for an event to occur. A sufficient condition is a condition or set of conditions that will produce the event.

Question 59

The Definition of ‘Knowledge

Answer 59

"knowledge" is typically defined as a "justified true belief," meaning that to truly know something, you must not only believe it to be true, but also have good reasons or justification for that belief; it must be both true and justified to constitute knowledge.

Question 60

What are the three sorts of knowledge between which philosophers distinguish?

Answer 60

Propositional Knowledge, Know How Knowledge, and Acquaintance Knowledge

Question 61

Which sort of knowledge is the one that philosophers are primarily concerned with in Epistemology?

Answer 61

Which sort of knowledge is the one that philosophers are primarily concerned with in Epistemology?

Question 62

What are the three conditions that philosophers consider to be necessary and sufficient for S to know P? That is, what is the philosophical definition of propositional knowledge? -aka "formula for propositional knowledge"

Answer 62

P must be true (truth condition), S must believe that P (belief condition), and S must be justified in believing that P (justification condition); this is often referred to as the "justified true belief" (JTB) analysis of knowledge.

Question 63

What sort of knowledge does Descartes say he considered as “most certain” before he undertook his philosophical inquiry into what he really knows? In other words, what source of knowledge did he consider most trustworthy?

Answer 63

himself

Question 64

What is Descartes' first reason for calling the reliability of the senses into question?

Answer 64

our senses can sometimes deceive us

Question 65

What is Descartes’ Dream Argument?

Question 66

What is Descartes’s Malicious God Argument?

Question 67

What is the Brain in a Vat Argument?

Question 68

How does the main character in the “brain in a vat” story propose to find out whether or not he’s a brain in a vat? Why wouldn’t that resolve his doubt?

Question 69

What's the difference between local skepticism and global skepticism?

Question 70

What does Descartes eventually conclude we can know with certainty, even given all the skeptical arguments? What’s his reasoning?

Question 71

In light of Descartes “I think; therefore I am,” how is the challenge of skepticism reformulated?

Question 72

What do philosophers mean by the “external world”?

Question 73

How does Locke respond to the Dream Argument for skepticism about our sense experience?

Question 74

According to Locke, where does all knowledge ultimately come from? In other words, what makes a belief fully justified, according to Locke?

Question 75

How does Locke distinguish between primary qualities and secondary qualities?

Question 76

Why doesn’t Locke think that secondary qualities are real “resemblances” or features of substances, but only primary qualities are? In other words, what's his argument that secondary qualities are mind­dependent ideas?

Question 77

What is the thesis of Realism?

Question 78

What is the theory of perception known as naïve realism?

Question 79

What is the theory of perception known as indirect realism?

Question 80

Which version of realism does Locke espouse?

Question 81

What is the thesis of Idealism?

Question 82

In what way is Idealism an irrefutable theory?

Question 83

How does Berkeley argue that Locke's argument for the mind ­dependence of secondary qualities can also be used to show that primary qualities are also mind­ dependent?

Question 84

How does Berkeley argue that the notion of an object having only primary qualities and no secondary qualities is inconceivable?

Question 85

How does Berkeley argue that, even if an object such as your house is nothing more than a collection of ideas, it doesn't follow that it disappears each time it's not thought about by some human being or other?