Chapter 18 Europe Flashcards
Industrial Revolution in Europe
A time period of major technological advancements within multiple societies. From: agrarian, hand produced, local economy. To: urban, machine-produced, capitalist, global economy
Capitalism
Business was booming for the upper middle class
The Crawlers - John Thomson 1876-77
People paid to hold babies - these people could barely move- and practically lived on tea
Poor put-on display - you don’t want to end up like them - so work
Separation of classes and genders
Public vs. private sphere
Middle-class expectations of working women
Working women’s sexuality and childbirth
Middle-class life vs. working-class life
Railways
1820 - steam engine - coal burns hotter as well as faster - everything is dirtier. Trains are very loud and gross -spewing smog
Spin around chairs on the train. Different social concept- talking to people on the train
Trains are the first major form of technological shipping the mass production of the times
Relating to the previous one - there is a railway name
Indian Railway in Britain
Irish Potato Famine
Began in 1845 and lasted until 1852. First appeared in the eastern United States in 1843, then was transported to Belgium, and finally arrived in Ireland. Ruined up to half of the potato crop in 1845, and three-quarters over the next seven years. Destroyed the leaves and tubers of potato plants.
New Forms of energy: New technologies:
coal became dominant
Steam and coal-powered engines
Unregulated Industrial and Development Effects on health, environment and everyday life
Child labor with poor payment. Poor payment overall. Dangerous work environments were commonplace—unsanitary work conditions. The crawlers - people paid to hold babies as these people could barely move - lived on tea - match girl strike led to improvements in working conditions- Breaker Boys - worked in mines and worked with machinery. Many were crushed to death, their bodies retrieved from the gears of the machinery by supervisors only at the end of the working day. So, they protested. They didn’t even have safety equipment such as gloves.
English Factory Acts
Cotton Mills and Factories Act: which set a minimum working age and limited hours for children in cotton mills.
Factory Act of 1833: further regulated child labor, introduced mandatory education for children, and established factory inspectors to enforce the regulations. 1844 - safety legislation was passed. A factory act extension was added in 1867 worked to improve working conditions. In further Factory Acts, in 1878, 1891 and 1895, Parliament placed additional limits on the employment of women and children in factories, and considerably extended earlier safety regulations. The 1891 Act raised the minimum age for employment in factories to 11.
