Chapter 16 Europe

Question 1

What is the Enlightenment?

Answer 1

A Philosophical Revolution focused on the people’s social, economic, political, religious, educational, freedoms. An era of questioning. This opposes the idea that one has to live the way society is and accept the way things are. Cultural shift as well. A mindset during this time focused on thinking differently to reach a more favorable society for the common man. (not the elite)

Question 2

John Locke

Answer 2

Believes in the common man’s right to life, liberty, and property. Founded the school: British Empiricism. He wrote an essay titled “Essay Concerning Human Understanding.” Philosophical beliefs and themes are seen throughout this text. Even concepts of how civilians can rise up and take power. Philosopher.

Question 3

Adam Smith

Answer 3

Believes the government should leave the economic market alone. Views the economy as a natural system. Agrees with laissez-faire. ( government’s “hands out/off” the people’s systems.) Adam’s belief was specifically regarding the economy. Likes the concept of a free market. Philosopher.

Question 4

Denis Diderot

Answer 4

French man of letters in Paris. A philosopher who, from 1745 to 1772, served as chief editor of the Encyclopédie, one of the principal works of the Age of Enlightenment. Sciences, Arts, etc. Emphasizes the rights of the common man. Had manuscripts. Anti-Christian Ideas. A job as a translator. Arrested for atheist rhetoric.

Question 5

Voltaire

Answer 5

believes in the Freedom of the press and the separation of church and state. He has a reputation to be a crusader against tyranny, bigotry, and cruelty. Advocation for treatment of prisoners. Also, an advocate for a constitutional monarchy. Philosopher.

Question 6

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 6

Philosopher during the Enlightenment.
Known for his work on the Social Contract, which questioned the purpose and place of government and its responsibility for its citizens.

Question 7

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 7

Women’s rights activist. The betterment of women’s status through political change as the radical reform of national educational systems.

Question 8

Salons – Madame Geoffrin

Answer 8

A regular and regulated formal gathering hosted by Madame Geoffrin in her own home which served as a forum and locus of intellectual activity. Whether it be regarding noble artists, writers, architects, painters, etc.

Question 9

Unenlightened

Answer 9

lack the intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and reliance on reason that were central to the movement, essentially remaining stuck in traditional, often unquestioning beliefs and practices, often associated with blind adherence to religious dogma or societal hierarchies without examining their validity through reason and logic.

Question 10

Acts of Toleration

Answer 10

This act was passed by the Parliament of England in 1689 to allow most Protestant dissenters to worship publicly. The act was intended to unite Protestant subjects and reward dissenters for not siding with James II. The act had several conditions, including:
Dissenters had to pledge loyalty to the British ruler and their heirs. This act impacted Jewish people the most
They had to pray for the royal family in their services.
The act did not apply to Roman Catholics or Unitarians.