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STS [PRELIMS] > Philosophy of Science > Flashcards

Philosophy of Science Flashcards

1
Q

“love of wisdom”

A

Philosophy

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2
Q

means love in Latin

A

Philo

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3
Q

means wisdom in Latin

A

Sophos

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4
Q

they think about the meaning of things and interpretation of that meaning.

A

Philosopher

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5
Q

the study of values in human behavior or the study of moral problems.

A

Ethical

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6
Q

the study of knowledge.

A

Epistemological

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7
Q

Three Branches of Philosophy MEA

A

Metaphysics
Epistemology
Axiology/Ethics

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7
Q

the study of what is really real.

A

Metaphysical

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8
Q

what is the nature of REALITY

A

Metaphysics

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9
Q

Metaphysics Category: what is the nature of existence

A

Ontology

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10
Q

Category: origin and organization of the universe

A

Cosmology

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11
Q

what is the nature of KNOWLEDGE

A

Epistemology

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12
Q

Epistemology Category: general to specific

A

Deductive

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13
Q

Category: specific facts to generalization

A

Inductive

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14
Q

what is the nature of VALUES

A

Axiology/Ethics

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15
Q

Category: study of human conduct and examines moral values

A

Ethics

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16
Q

Axiology/Ethics Category: values beauty, nature, and aesthetic experience (music, art, literature, dance theater, and fine arts)

A

Aesthetics

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17
Q

The Sciences MPBPS

A

Mathematics
Physics
Biology
Psychology
Social Science

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18
Q

theorems and axioms

A

Mathematics

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19
Q

measurement

A

Physics

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20
Q

structure and function

A

Biology

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21
Q

proposes and rests on a common understanding of the laws of the universe, laws of nature, uniformities that govern these laws.

A

Inductivism

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22
Q

rejects the notion that facts are neutral and objective.

A

Hypothetico-deductivism

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23
Q

The Research of Charles Lyell

A

Darwinism v Creationism

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24
Q

confirmation of hypothesis is not enough.

A

Falsification

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25
Q

science must continue to progress through an open quest to put existing theories to the test, allowing preconceived notions of facts, whatever they may be, up to scientific criticism and refutation.

A

Conjecture and Refutation

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26
Q

published The Structures of Scientific Revolution in 1962.

A

Thomas Kuhn

27
Q

coined the term paradigm.

A

Thomas Kuhn

28
Q

Quantitative Data NHHH

A

numeric variables
how many
how much
how often

29
Q

Qualitative Data CWFQ

A

categorical variables
what type
from where
qualities

30
Q

provide a deep understandings of how people perceive their social realities, and in consequence, how they act within the social world.

A

Qualitative Data

31
Q

statistics help turn qualitative data into useful information that are crucial for decision making.

A

Quantitative Data

32
Q

how consistently a method measures something.

A

Reliability

33
Q

same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances.

A

Reliable

34
Q

the consistency of a measure across time.

A

Test-Retest Reliability (across time)

35
Q

the consistency of the measurement itself.

A

Internal Consistency (across items)

35
Q

the consistency of a measure across raters or observers.

A

Interrater Reliability (across researchers)

36
Q

how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure.

A

Validity

37
Q

Produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.

A

High Validity

38
Q

a measurement appears on its face to measure the construct of interest.

A

Face Validity

39
Q

used to ensure that the measure is actually measuring what it is intended to measure and not other variables.

A

Construct Validity

40
Q

the measurement covers all aspects of the concepts being measured

A

Content Validity

41
Q

the result of a measure corresponds to other valid measures of the same concept.

A

Criterion Validity

42
Q

scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct.

A

Discriminant Validity

43
Q

Prevent the Spread of Misinformation CRAAP

A

Currency
Relevance
Authority
Accuracy
Purpose

44
Q

is the information current?

A

Currency

45
Q

is the information important?

A

Relevance

46
Q

who is the author/publisher/sponsor of the news?

A

Authority

47
Q

is the information supported by evidence?

A

Accuracy

48
Q

what is the purpose of this news?

A

Purpose

49
Q

organisms changed overtime (evolution theory)

A

Dawrwinism

50
Q

organisms were created by an act of God and have not changed since creation (special creation theory)

A

Creationism

51
Q

Scientific Method: Ask a Problem

A

Question

52
Q

Scientific Method: Define Problem Statement

A

Research

53
Q

Scientific Method: Construct the Hypothesis

A

Hypothesize

54
Q

Scientific Method: Test the Hypothesis

A

Experiment

55
Q

Scientific Method: Collect the Data

A

Analyze

56
Q

Scientific Method: Report the Result

A

Interpret

57
Q

theories are checked, previously held formulations are re-analyzed and possible refutations are generated, for a new paradigm, or paradigm shift to occur.

A

Revolutionary Science

58
Q

Types of Data Collection: Qualitative Data DIDFCEO

A

diary accounts
in-depth interviews
documents
focus groups
case study research
ethnography
open-ended surveys

59
Q

Types of Data Collection: Quantitative Data LRC

A

laboratory and field experimentations
rating scales
closed survey questions

60
Q

Definition: results can be reproduced

A

Reliability

60
Q

Assessment: consistency of results

A

Reliability

61
Q

Relation: reliable measurement is not always valid.

A

Reliability

62
Q

Definition: results really measure what they are supposed to measure.

A

Validity

62
Q

Assessment: how well the results correspond

A

Validity

63
Q

Relation: a valid measurement is generally reliable

A

Validity

STS [PRELIMS] (6 decks)

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