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Philosophy > Philosophy Final Part 1 > Flashcards

Philosophy Final Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

System 1

A

feels automatic and effortless
can’t be turned off
source of impressions, feelings, intuitions and emotions

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2
Q

System 2

A

voluntarily controlled
chosen
associated with dilated pupils and accelerated heart rate
come with feeling of effort

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3
Q

System 1 and 2 conflict

A

system 2 has to override system 1’s automatic reactions, but wrong impression doesn’t always go away
i.e. when you know the lines are the same length, but one looks longer than the other

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4
Q

cognitive illusions

A

system 2 has to override initial reaction of system 1

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5
Q

confabulation

A

system 2 creates reasonable-seeming explanations for unreasonable inclinations generated by system 1

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6
Q

cognitive laziness

A

system 1 suggests an initial conclusion, system 2 may come up with a solution but you are already satisfied

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7
Q

rationality

A

being lazy and not using system 2 is a matter of rationality

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8
Q

intelligence

A

something measured, IQ test, but doesn’t determine how prone you are to biases

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9
Q

anchor-and-adjust heuristic

A

when making a judgement or estimate along a scale, we unknowingly use a reference point suggested to us as a mental anchor

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10
Q

implicit association tests

A

measure levels of cognitive difficulty when performing tasks with category

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11
Q

base rates

A

chance of a random person being a certain thing

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12
Q

heuristic

A

a cognitive shortcut used to bypass a more effortful type of reasoning

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13
Q

anecdotal reasoning

A

small samples are inherently weak as evidence, observations are not random samples

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14
Q

selection effects

A

when our overall impression is biased because the cases we observe have been selected by a process that filters them out

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15
Q

availability cascades

A

when the media’s focus on a topic and the emotional reaction of the public to that topic feed on each other, resulting in a cycle of escalating intensity

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16
Q

echo chambers

A

when our sources of information and commentary have all been selected to support our opinions and preferences

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17
Q

survivorship bias

A

i.e. knowing a lot of people who smoke and thinking smoking is safe, forgetting that many who smoked have died

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18
Q

publication bias & file drawer effect

A

not everything is published, researchers file away results they aren’t interested in

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19
Q

familiarity effects

A

the subconscious inclination to think something is true just because you are familiar with it

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20
Q

salient hypothesis bias

A

when observations that support a hypothesis bring it to mind, but observations that disconfirm it do not bring it to mind

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21
Q

explanation freeze

A

when one seeks to explain something and only a small number of explanations come to mind, resulting in an overestimate of the probability of those explanations

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22
Q

law of large numbers

A

as we increase our sample size, we get closer to the true population values

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23
Q

cognitive ease/familiarity

A

assuming that if an answer is familiar, it must be true

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24
Q

evidence for the familiarity effect

A

people prefer how they look in the mirror to pictures

seeing a company’s name induces us to find it more familiar and positive

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25
Q

serial position effect

A

people tend to remember the last part of events the most

i.e. patients rated the procedure with more pain at the end as more painful

26
Q

myside bias

A

believing things that you have some attachment to, persist in believing them without good evidence, seeking out evidence that confirms them ignoring evidence against

27
Q

evidence of myside bias

A

70% of people in a survey said they are less likely than average to get divorced, only 2% of students in a survey considered themselves worse than average in leadership ability

28
Q

superiority illusion

A

people tend to think they are better than they really are

29
Q

optimism bias

A

when people are asked about things that might happen to them in the future, they tend to be optimistic

30
Q

self-serving bias

A

people believe their successes come from their stable attributes, and that their failures come from situational factors

31
Q

belief persistence

A

hanging on to beliefs for no good reason

32
Q

selective search

A

seeking out confirming evidence and finding problems with disconfirming evidence

33
Q

salient hypothesis vs. selective search

A

salient hypothesis: if you see conflicting evidence, you don’t consider your hypothesis
selective search: you only seek out confirming evidence and find problems with conflicting evidence

34
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

the mental discomfort that comes from making changes in one’s beliefs/attitudes

35
Q

makes-sense reasoning

A

assuming that since something makes sense, it must be true

36
Q

conformity effect

A

tendency for one’s opinions to conform to other individuals in a group

37
Q

in-group bias

A

tendency to hold positive opinions about members and beliefs of a group simply because it is my group

38
Q

why are some forms of conforming belief rational

A

sometimes it gets people closer to the right answer

i.e. average of guesses is accurate than the average guess

39
Q

groupthink

A

state of collective reasoning where a lack of dissenting voices makes the group’s decision reflect a false sense of consensus or confidence

40
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to ascribe behaviors and outcomes to stable attributes of individuals rather than chance factors

41
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to see an event as having been predictable even when there was no good way to predict it

42
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to see an event as having been predictable even when there was no good way to predict it

43
Q

pattern seeking

A

we are oversensitive to patterns in random data

44
Q

cluster effect

A

specific type of pattern-seeking where people think that random distributions over an area are clustering

45
Q

just-world bias

A

tendency to assume that people get what they deserve

46
Q

how can hindsight bias lead to overconfidence

A

causes us to think that we were ore accurate than we were when predicting an outcome, leading to more, less-accurate predictions in the future

47
Q

how to counteract just-world bias

A

imagine yourself in someone else’s situation

48
Q

blindspot bias/GI Joe fallacy

A

simple knowing about the existence of biases doesn’t help us avoid them

49
Q

active open-mindedness

A

allowing for consideration of new possibilities, new goals and evidence against possibilities that seem strong

50
Q

trigger action plan

A

how to avoid biases

depends on trigger of noticing bias

51
Q

TAP explanation freeze

A

notice: trying to explain something
action: think of three or more hypotheses

52
Q

TAP representative heuristic

A

Notice: you are pattern-matching individuals to a stereotype, you are thinking with simple plurals
action: stop, demand plurals be clarified

53
Q

TAP anchor and adjust

A

notice: need value on a scale
action: check for anchor, adjust

54
Q

TAP ingroup bias

A

notice: members of outgroup seem evil
action: reject moralizing explanations of their views, try an idealogical turing test

55
Q

TAP hindsight bias

A

notice: prediction situation
action: clarify predictions and endpoints, track outcomes

56
Q

attachment (TAP Myside)

A

notice: feel need for evidence, happy when conforming, mad when contrary
action: step back, look at evidence, consider opposite

57
Q

Soldier mindset (TAP myside)

A

Notice: feel need to defend view
action: image opposite defended by loved on, steel-man opposing view, reframe winning

58
Q

belief overkill (TAP myside)

A

notice: when every consider against a belief seems to go the same way
action: isolate each belief

59
Q

steelman

A

come up with the best possible version of the opposing view and defend it with the best arguments

60
Q

ideological turing test

A

convincing someone that you hold the opposite viewpoint

61
Q

calibrated probability judgements

A

judgements that have been checked, to see whether our confidence intervals match track record of success

62
Q

four cognitive virtues of rationality

A
  1. patience (don’t jump to conclusions)
  2. humility (fight overconfidence with uncertainty)
  3. fairness (scout mindset)
  4. vigilance (be on lookout for bias)

Philosophy (3 decks)

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