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Philosophy > Philosophy Exam 4 > Flashcards

Philosophy Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Belief in many gods (second stage of Hinduism) that personifies nature as life giving elements and the religious relationship becomes with a divine persona who can be angered/pleased

A

Polytheism

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2
Q

Moksha means

A

liberation

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3
Q

nature-religion that says all things have spirit/soul energy and acknowledge reverence to nature (first stage of Hinduism

A

Animism

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4
Q

3 historical stages of Hinduism

A

Animism
Polytheism
Mystical Monism

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5
Q

What is the oldest continuous religion?

A

Hinduism

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6
Q

Meaning of Santana Dharma

A

eternal religion (How Hinduism IDs itself)

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7
Q

T/F Hinduism is polycentric

A

T, it has no central authority

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8
Q

5 gods of Hinduism (polytheism stage)

A 
Agni-God of Fire
Dyanspitr- God of the Sky
Brahma- associated with creation 
Vishnu- Preserver God
Shiva- Destruction God 
(last 3 are "holy trinity of Hinduism)
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9
Q

God of Mystical Monism Hinduism (3rd stage)

A

Brahman (“ultimate reality”)

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10
Q

T/F Now that Hinduism is in the third stage, they disregard the “trinity” of the polytheism stage

A

F, they still talk about the trinity, but they are unified under Brahman who can be interpreted as more personal or less personal

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11
Q

T/F Hindus believe we are manifestations of Brahman

A

T

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12
Q

What are the 4 things people want according to Hinduism?

A
  1. Personal Pleasure
  2. Worldly Success
  3. Moral Duty
  4. Moksha
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13
Q

T/F In Hinduism, lower castes have an equal chance at Moksha as higher castes

A

F, the higher in the caste system you are, the higher the chance you have at achieving moksha

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14
Q

The famous historical figure who was revered in Hinduism for his deep spirituality and non-violent political actions which ld to the emancipation of India from British imperial rule? also renamed untouchables harijan

A

Mahatma Gandhi

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15
Q

ancient, sacred text of Hinduism written by brahmins, central for jnana path;

A

Vedas

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16
Q

4 limitations of worldly success (things people want #2) that cause them to be unsatisfying

A
  1. They cannot be shared and are competitive
  2. The drive is insatiable
  3. They are not long lasting/they are ephemeral
  4. It centers upon the self
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17
Q

2 paths of Hinduism

A

Path of Desire, Path of Renunciation (this comes after people walk the Path of Desire and find it lacking)

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18
Q

3 things people really want according to Hinduism

A
  1. Being
  2. Knowledge
  3. Joy
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19
Q

T/F According to Hinduism, the Infinite which we all seek is not outside of us but within us

A

T

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20
Q

“the god within,” the true self which is one with Brahman according to Hinduism

A

Atman

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21
Q

4 yoga paths (hinduism) and what they mean

A

Jnana: knowledge
Bhakti: Love
Karma: Works/acts
Raja: psychophysical exercises

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22
Q

T/F Hindus acknowledge Christ as a God-man

A

T

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23
Q

the practice of repeating God’s name to deepen and sustain one’s spiritual awareness; “pray without ceasing”

A

Japam

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24
Q

ultimate liberation according to Hinduism

A

Nirvana

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25
Q

by nature of reality, the belief that everything we say, think, and do has potential to form us as good or bad; law of cause and effect

A

Karma

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26
Q

How long can the average mind think about one thing exclusively without distraction according to Smith

A

3.5 seconds

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27
Q

someone who has entered the final “stage of life” and become the “one who neither hates nor loves anything” and has become a homeless beggar enjoying total freedom

A

Sannyasin

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28
Q

Double connotation of yoga

A

to unite and to place under disciplined training

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29
Q

The entire cycle of your soul which continues if you have bad karma, ends when you reach nirvana

A

Samsara

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30
Q

the idea that the sensory, phenomenal world is like a dream, a psychological construct, or a mental fabrication and that the materiality and multiplicity of the world is not ultimately real

A

Maya

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31
Q

Hindu stages of life

A
  1. Student
  2. Householder (includes marriage)
  3. Retirement
  4. Sannyasin
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32
Q

Hindu stations of life (caste system)

A
  1. Brahmins (seers)
  2. Kshatriyas (administrators)
  3. Raishyas (producers)
  4. Shundras (followers/servants)
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33
Q

bodily postures taken by raja yoga practioners

A

Asanas

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34
Q

part of raja yoga that is the final stage, names the state in which the human mind is completely absorbed in God and all of an object’s forms fall away, limitless

A

Samadhi

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35
Q

he moral order of the universe and a code of living that embodies the fundamental principles of law, religion, and duty that governs all

A

Dharma

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36
Q

“song of the Lord,” Hindu writings

A

Bhagavad-Gita

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37
Q

T/F Hinduism has survived for so long because of its diversity

A

T, they don’t all believe the same thing

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38
Q

T/F Hinduism teaches that the various major world religions are all valid alternate paths to the same goal

A

T

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39
Q

T/F Sikhism developed out of Hinduism and uses some of its teachings along with the practices of Judaism

A

F, doesn’t incorporate Jewish teachings

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40
Q

“Buddha” means

A

Enlightened One

41
Q

Buddhism’s 4 Noble Truths

A
  1. Dukkha-all life is suffering
  2. Tanha- Desire causes suffering
  3. Nirvana: extinguishing #2 eliminates #1
  4. Marga: The 8 fold path
42
Q

Buddha’s 8 Fold Path

A
  1. Right View
  2. Right Intention
  3. Right Speech
  4. Right Action
  5. Right Livelihood
  6. Right Effort
  7. Right Mindfulness
  8. Right Concentration
    (1-2 wisdom, 3-5 conduct, 6-8 meditation)
43
Q

“Dukkha”

A

suffering

44
Q

6 aspects of religion that Buddha critiqued, rejected

A
  1. authority
  2. ritual
  3. explanation
  4. tradition
  5. grace
  6. mystery
45
Q

What kind of yoga did Buddha practice

A

Raja Yoga (?)

46
Q

Who is Siddhartha Gautama?

A

The man who discovered Buddhism, became awaked to the world after seeing a sick man, an old man, a corpse, and a monk and then discovered Buddhism

47
Q

“Enlightenment”

A

Bodhi, Buddha sat under the Bo Tree and had his Great Awakening

48
Q

What is the Middle Way?

A

Buddha’s teaching that highlights moderation, between asceticism and indulgence, the way to liberation

49
Q

the 4 passing sights

A
  1. Sick Man
  2. Old Man
  3. Corpse
  4. Monk
50
Q

“No self/soul” Buddhist teaching

A

Anatta

51
Q

“to blow out, extinguish”

A

Nirvana

52
Q

Buddha’s first sermon

A

Deer Park Sermon

53
Q

T/F Like Hinduism, Buddhism teaches that each human being is an unchangeable soul like the Atman

A

F, Buddhism teaches “no soul” doctrine

54
Q

T/F Buddhism rejects the Hindu doctrine of Karma

A

T, it accepts it

55
Q

2 main types of Buddhism

A
  1. Theravada/Hinayana: path to independent liberation, earliest form of Buddhism say that only Buddha is Buddha
  2. Mahayana: Bodhisattvas are teachers/messengers to teach them how to reach nirvana, everyone can become Buddha
56
Q

main difference between theravada and mahayana buddhism

A

compassion

57
Q

“yana” means

A

raft or ferry

58
Q

T/F The spiritual concept or ideal of the perfect disciple in Theravada buddhism

A

F, this is the belief in Mahayana Buddhism

59
Q

T/F Mahayana views the Buddha as savior, has elaborate metaphysics, and practices petitionary prayer

A

T, **SEe chart in notes of both types

60
Q

T/F Buddhism is a non-theistic religion

A

T

61
Q

“impermanence”(in Buddhism)

A

Anicca

62
Q

What does “zazen” mean

A

meditation

63
Q

What is a koan?

A

a problem, ex. what is the sound of one hand clapping? involved in Zen Buddhism

64
Q

Tibetan Buddhism that means “diamond thunderbolt”

A

Vajra

65
Q

Type of Buddhism that uses mantras, mandalas, and visualization techniques (tantras)

A

Vajrayana (Tibetan Tantric)

66
Q

Type of Buddhism that was influenced by Taoism, the idea of sudden enlightenment, involves zazen and koans

A

Zen Buddhism

67
Q

Spiritual and political leader of Tibetan Buddhism

A

Dalai Lama

68
Q

Buddhism form that seeks to break through the confinement of religion within rational words and concepts to direct experience of enlightenment

A

Zen

69
Q

Buddhism form that argues for the integration of spirituality and sexuality in virtue of the ecstatic or self-transcending character of both

A

Tibetan

70
Q

T/F There are numerous Buddhists in every Asian land except India

A

T

71
Q

T/F Both Hindus and Buddhists believe in reincarnation

A

T

72
Q

What does Koran mean

A

recitation

73
Q

the root l-s-m in “Islam” means

A

peace

74
Q

The name of the city to which Muhammad and his followers migrated to for success

A

Migrated from Mecca to Medina

75
Q

What was Muhammad’s only miracle

A

writing the Koran (he wasn’t educated)

76
Q

T/F The Koran is primarily a historical testimony of the great saving deeds of Allah recorded in 3rd person

A

F, in 1st person and not history or narrative

77
Q

5 pillars of Islam

A
  1. Shahadah (creed)
  2. Canonical Prayer
  3. Alms/Charity
  4. Fasting/Ramadan
  5. Pilgrimage to Mecca
78
Q

“Zakat”

A

Alms/Charity

79
Q

What is the Shahadah?

A

There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet (the creed of Islam)

80
Q

How many times daily do Muslims pray?

A

5x

81
Q

How does Allah speak to the people?

A

Only through prophets (they are a mouthpiece for Allah); the Koran is the direct words of Allah (not through historical events like God of Christianity)

82
Q

Known as the “seal of the prophets” in Islam

A

Muhammad

83
Q

4 “prophets” in Islam and what they establish

A

Abraham: monotheism
Moses: 10 commandments
Jesus: Golden Rule
Muhammad: The Koran

84
Q

How is Islam fundamentalist?

A

They believe the Koran is not to be questioned or interpreted because it doesn’t reflect the culture or time it was written in bc it is the actual words of Allah; must be written in Arabic to be the true Koran

85
Q

T/F Islam is a universal religion like Christianity

A

T

86
Q

Islam does not agree with this christian theological concept

A

The Fall/Original Sin

They do believe in one God, a final judgment day, and the world as God’s good creation

87
Q

What are the 4 basic theological concepts of Islam?

A
  1. God
  2. Creation
  3. Human Self
  4. Day of Judgment
88
Q

What is Ramadan?

A

a time when devout Muslims are expected to fast during the day, feast at night

89
Q

Most basic form of sin in Islam which is “forgetfulness” wherein we forget out gratitude and our divine origin

A

Ghaflah

90
Q

What is the Pilgrimage to Mecca known as

A

The Hajj

91
Q

Islam means

A

surrender/submission

92
Q

original meaning of jihad

A

exertion (against sin/injustice, in obedience to faith)

also means: holy war

93
Q

sayings of the prophet Muhammad, a secondary canon in Islam

A

Hadith

94
Q

Islamic Law that applies Koranic teachings to culture and can be interpreted differently

A

Shariah Law

95
Q

2 types of Muslims

A

Sunni (Traditionalists)

Shiite

96
Q

Mystical branch off of Islam

A

Sufism

97
Q

Muslim conditions of prayer

A

5x daily
facing Mecca
standing–> kneeling –> prostrate –> kneeling –> standing

98
Q

What do Muslims give to the poor? How often?

A

2.5 percent of their entire assets; annually

99
Q

Where is the largest Muslim population?

A

Indonesia (southeast asia)

Philosophy (4 decks)

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