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Philosophy > Philosophy Exam 3 > Flashcards

Philosophy Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Enlightenment? What was it?

A

18th century, emphasized reason and individualism over tradition

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2
Q

What were some of the changes between Aquinas and Kant

A 
Reformation
Separation of Church and State
Renaissance
Birth of Modern Science
Vertical Dualism to Horizontal Dualism 
Theocentric to Anthropocentric
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3
Q

T/F Kant said that to determine what is right, you must use reason

A

T, ex. you can determine right and wrong just by using your intellect

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4
Q

Commands you must follow regardless of desires, derived from pure reason

A

categorical imperatives

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5
Q

What is the Critique of Pure Reason

A

Kant’s first book, published when he was 57. Critique of reason that lays out its structure, limits, and its relationship to objects

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6
Q

attempt to get behind knowledge and ask what makes them possible

A

Critique

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7
Q

What is the Critique of Practical Reason?

A

Kant’s second book that deals with morality and developing ethics

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8
Q

prior to experience with the world

A

a priori

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9
Q

after experience with the world

A

a posteriori

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10
Q

reaches back into the activities of the mind and asks how it produces its results

A

Transcendental

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11
Q

Space is the pure intuition that makes ____ possible; _____ is the pure intuition that makes math possible

A

Geometry

Time

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12
Q

Kant’s aspects of the mind

A

Sensibility, Understanding, Reasoning

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13
Q

4 groups of judgements

A

Analytic a priori (all mothers have a child)
Analytic a posteriori (doesn’t exist)
Synthetic a posteriori (Water is boiling because it reached 100* C)
Synthetic a priori (math and science, “There is a God”)

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14
Q

Kant: A judgement is ______ when it can be known to be true without reference to experience

A

a priori (ex. 2+2=4)

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15
Q

Kant: A judgment is ____ when we must appeal to experience to determine its truth or falsity

A

a posteriori (ex. JFK was assassinated)

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16
Q

Kant: A judgement is _____ when its denial yields a contradiction

A

analytic (ex. every mother has a child)

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17
Q

Kant: a judgment is ______ why it does more than simply analyze a concept

A

synthetic (ex. JFK was assassinated)

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18
Q

T/F For Kant, all things that are analytic must be a priori

A

T

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19
Q

2 tests used to distinguish between a priori and a posteriori

A

necessity
universality
(if anything is either of these it is a priori)

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20
Q

T/F Mathematical truths are a priori

A

T, because they are necessary and universal

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21
Q

the presentation of some sensible object to the mind

A

Intuition

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22
Q

T/F space s a pure intuition providing a structure into which all our determinate perceptions must fit

A

T

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23
Q

How are geometry and math possible according to Kant?

A

Their objects (space and time) are not independent of the mind that knows them, they are pure forms of sensible intuition

**We do not know these things, we can only know what our minds supply in experiencing these things

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24
Q

Kant’s general term for the contents of the mind

A

representation

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25
Q

Kant’s term for a kind of rule for operating on intuitions

A

Concept

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26
Q

the power to think objects by constructing a representation of them using concepts

A

Understanding

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27
Q

A priori mental capacity by which objects are given in intuition as pure or empirical

A

Sensibility (passive)

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28
Q

something as it is in itself, independent of how it is revealed to us

A

Noumenon

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29
Q

an objects appearance to us

A

phenomenon (thing as it appears in your mind with human senses)

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30
Q

T/F Raw data can tell us what something is on its own (senses)

A

F, it needs the mind to interpret the data

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31
Q

Part of the mind that includes space and time

A

Sensibility

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32
Q

Mental capacity by which objects are thought via concepts pure and empirical

A

Understanding

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33
Q

Filters what the mind brings with experience to experience

A

Categories of understanding

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34
Q

Mental capacity by which we strive to think the unconditioned through pure reason

A

Reasoning

35
Q

Yielded by sensibility and understanding, tell how things can be different but also the same (ex. apples of different colors)

A

Concepts

36
Q

T/F According to Kant, our knowledge of the outside world is reality

A

F, it is a construct because objects conform to our minds

37
Q

How do the 3 aspects of the mind work together?

A

Sensibility gathers raw data and content –> understanding detects sameness and categorizes objects as a priori and a posteriori –> concepts (where knowledge is truly found) –> Reasoning (God, soul, world) things that cannot be known

38
Q

the pure concepts

A

categories

39
Q

Regulative Ideas of Pure Reason

A

God
Self/Soul
World

Where the mind lifts away from the sensory and into new material beyond the physical

40
Q

attempt to understand the fundamental nature of self by rational reflection on what the self must be if experience is to be possible

A

Rational Psychology

41
Q

Kant and religion

A

not anti religious, “I have denied knowledge to make room for faith” reason cannot confirm or deny the existence of God

42
Q

in Kant’s moral theory, bids us to act in such a way that the maxim of our action should be universally applied

A

Categorical Imperative

43
Q

What is Pure Reason?

A

Theoretical Reason, metaphysics

44
Q

critical, transcendental reflection goes with

A

practical reason

45
Q

T/F Kant says that moral choices must be done in light of a maxim

A

T

46
Q

T/F Kant agrees with the ontological argument for God

A

F

47
Q

the only thing good without qualification

A

The Good Will

48
Q

T/F Because reason gets confused by selfishness, it’s not good enough to act on a maxim, you must act on it without any regard (do your duty for duty’s sake)

A

T

49
Q

Deontological argument

A

Conscious and moral reason is a sufficient motivator to do good (it’s a duty)

50
Q

T/F For Kant, maxims are considered good if universal

A

T

51
Q

Is it wrong to desire happiness as long as it correlates with duty(Kant)

A

no, but it usually doesn’t work like this in the real world

52
Q

3 postulates of moral reason

A

immortality of the soul
God as supreme moral judge
freedom

53
Q

T/F For Kant, we are not free to do or not do our own duty

A

F, we are free

54
Q

Kant’s immortality of the soul

A

being that is born and doesn’t die; the concept of “soul” is an empty idea

55
Q

How does Kant relate happiness and virtue?

A

Under the deontological view, we must make ourselves happy though virtues. In the world we live in, people die virtuous with no wealth and vice versa. Happiness must be found in virtues, not worldly possessions (Being worthy of happiness does not guarantee we will be happy)

56
Q

T/F For Kant, freedom is a practical necessity and a theoretical possibility

A

T

57
Q

Known as the “Father of existentialism”

A

Kierkegaard

58
Q

a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

A

existentialism (philosophy that comes out of human subjectivity)

59
Q

Kierkegaard’s religious upbringing

A

Danish-Lutheran (doctrinal) and Moravian (pieteous intense form of evangelist emotional conversionist church), went to seminary where he heard watered-down Christianity and decided he wanted to reintroduce authentic Christianity

60
Q

Kierkegaard’s big question

A

What is like to be a Christian in Christendom?

61
Q

The way Kierkegaard writes/talks to his audience to convict them without being distracted by his audience

A

Indirect Communication

62
Q

What is a pseudonym?

A

Names under which authors (Kierkegaard) write books so as to not reveal their true identity

63
Q

What is the Either/OR

A

One of Kierk’s books that describes the Aesthetic vs. the Ethical life, the Religious Life

64
Q

Had a great effect on Kierk’s writings, was once engaged to be married to her, hints of their relationship are found in his writings

A

Regine Olsen

65
Q

Characteristics of the Aesthetic Sphere

A

interesting vs. boring
feeling and immediacy
telos: the next high
looking for pleasure always

66
Q

writer for the Aesthetic sphere

A

A

67
Q

Manuscript written by “A”

A

“The Seducer’s Diary”, the seducer uses her as a means to an end, tells himself he is helping her

68
Q

What is the difference between the aesthetic life and the ethical life?

A

Choice

69
Q

Writer for Ethical sphere

A

Judge WIlliam

70
Q

Characteristics of Ethical sphere

A

“what does it mean to be self?”
eternity can only be taught if accompanied by choice/will
developments of self required (creating oneself)
good vs. evil
moral
committed relationships

71
Q

2 parts of religious sphere

A

Religiousness A and religiousness B

72
Q

fictional author of Fear and Trembling

A

Johannes de Silento, ethical way of life who is intrigued by Abraham

73
Q

withdraws into the interior chambers of the spirit making no claims on anything and asking for nothing worldly

A

Knight of Infinite Resignation

74
Q

resigns everything, sets himself adrift from the world, but comes back into the world because he finds strength

A

Knight of Faith

75
Q

T/F Abraham is an example of a Knight of Infinite Resignation and a Knight of Faith

A

T

76
Q

Teleological suspension of the ethical

A

when God requires we follow him to do something despite our moral reasoning/beliefs (Ex. Abe sacrificing Isaac)

77
Q

T/F Faith is the highest passion of all

A

T

78
Q

Types of Despair

A

Despair of Infinitude: emotions slide into fantasy, don’t care about things happening around you

Despair of Finitude: lacking possibility, going with the crowd

Despair of Defiance: being willing to be oneself vs. wiling to be oneself

79
Q

the name for the state of self opposite despair

A

Faith

80
Q

Characteristics of Faith

A 
Risk
Not knowledge
passionate inwardness
beyond the ethical
task for a lifetime
81
Q

T/F Living in subjectivity between the riskier the choice and the more intense the passionate inwardness is living in despair

A

F, truth

82
Q

how does one determine which of the 3 ways of life to follow

A

Humans but choose without being able to know for certain which is the best one (choice, decision, risk)

83
Q

Which type of despair goes along with the herd mentality?

A

Despair of Finitude

84
Q

Being oneself, taking responsibility for oneself in accepting the burden of having to be in this existence

A

authenticity

Philosophy (4 decks)

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