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Philosophy > Philosophy Exam 1 > Flashcards

Philosophy Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Philosophy mean?

A

Love of wisdom

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2
Q

Differences in wisdom vs knowledge

A

W has discernment
You can know something but still not be wise about it
Wisdom invokes/demands change
W requires K, but it must be properly evaluated and used

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3
Q

What do philosophers want to do?

A

Discover truth to learn how to live

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4
Q

Philosophy is…(3 R’s)

A

Relentless (never satisfied, critique strength of arguments)
Rational (no boundaries except reason, judgment on emotions and religion must be backed by reason)
Reflection (meditative, analytic)

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5
Q

Main issue of early philosophical thought

A

the one and the many; reality and appearance; human reality

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6
Q

(5) subdivisions of philosophy

A 
Metaphysics-theory of reality
Epistemology- theory of knowledge
Logic- hardwiring of the mind 
Anthropology-study of human nature 
Ethics- human moral judgments
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7
Q

Says that you can’t say something is A and not A at the same time

A

Law of Noncontradiction (part of Logic)

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8
Q

Why was Athens so dominant in Greece?

A

Its democratic government and the Persian wars

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9
Q

The most influential leader of the democratic city of Athens in the 5th century BC

A

Pericles

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10
Q

stories taught as fact and widely accepted; shape tradition; religious answers to questions through epic poetry

A

Myth

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11
Q

Ex. says that if someone is a mother then they have children; deduction and induction

A

Law of Inference (part of Logic)

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12
Q

Goes from general to specific

A

Deduction; syllogism

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13
Q

Goes from specific to general

A

Induction; ex. observable science, never obtains absolute certainty

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14
Q

Errors in reason

A

Fallacies

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15
Q

T/F Philosophy is very concerned with how we best organize our lives together

A

T

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16
Q

What does philosophy emerge against

A

Against myths of epic poetry; it is more analytic and is dissatisfied with myths based on experiences

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17
Q

Examples of myths

A

Homer’s The Illiad and the Odyssey

Hesiod’s Theogony

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18
Q

Excellence and virtue

A

Arete

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19
Q

Fallacious argument that looks good

A

Sophism

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20
Q

Taught rhetoric, claimed to teach others how to make the weak argument the strong one

A

Sophists

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21
Q

Principles and practice of persuasive teaching

A

Rhetoric

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22
Q

T/F Philo emerges as a critical response to the failing Greek religion

A

T; people start thinking scientifically rather than simply believing myths

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23
Q

The collapse of the mythico-religious culture leads to…

A

Skepticism, Relativism, Pluralism, Agnosticism/Atheism, Sophists

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24
Q

Said that no reality of knowledge is attainable

A

Skepticism

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25
Q

Said that everyone’s opinion is true relative to themselves; factual judgments based on objective matters

A

Relativism

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26
Q

T/F Protagoras was an atheist

A

F, he was a skeptic/agnostic (?)

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27
Q

Said that maybe gods are real, but they don’t have enough knowledge to claim their reality or not

A

Agnostics

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28
Q

Gnosis

A

Knowledge

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29
Q

T/F Sophists claimed to teach rhetoric

A

F, they claimed to teach arete (excellence), but actually taught rhetoric

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30
Q

“Nature,” characteristics of the world or things in general independent of what humans impose on it

A

Physis

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31
Q

Custom or convention; things that are as they are because human beings decide so

A

Nomos

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32
Q

Progression of questions and answers (Socrates); the sort of reasoning that moves from Forms to basic Forms and then the Form of the Good (Plato): **dialogue

A

Dialectic

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33
Q

Holding of views with no adequate reason

A

Dogmatism

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34
Q

Said “I am wiser than no man except in this: I know I am not wise”

A

Socrates

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35
Q

2 things Socrates is compared to

A

A Gadfly- wants to wake them up with sharp, critical words

A midwife- helping others give birth to thought; believes its his job to help others understand wisdom

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36
Q

Authoritative teaching

A

Dogmatic; You can’t become arrogantly dogmatic to engage in the type of conversations Socrates is having

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37
Q

Having no interest; “wishy washy”

A

Apathy

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38
Q

Is Socrates Dogmatic or Apathetic?

A

Neither, he’s in the middle where humility and courage are found; people with Socratic values are neither bc they want to learn and improve opinions

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39
Q

What led to Socrates death?

A

Ticks off people by challenging their assumptions of knowledge –> politicians accuse him of “corrupting the youth of Athens” and charged him with being an atheist –> forced to drink poison (hemlock) and refuses to escape jail bc then what his dissenters said about him thinking he’s above the law would be true

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40
Q

T/F Socrates is a sophist

A

Unknown, but more towards false. Sophists say rhetoric are strategies and tactics, Socrates wants to use rhetoric to get knowledge of the truth, S doesn’t take money bc he says he knows nothing

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41
Q

Proposal-Questions-Difficulties-Proposal-Questions

A

Plato’s Dialectic

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42
Q

T/F Socrates claims to know nothing and begs to be instructed

A

T

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43
Q

4 early dialogues from Socrates

A
  1. We ought to search for truth
  2. Human excellence is knowledge
  3. all wrongdoing is due to ignorance
  4. the most important thing is to care for your soul
44
Q

Plato’s account of Socrates’ trial; Socrates’ defense

A

Apology

45
Q

order of philosophers

A

Socrates –> Plato –> Aristotle

46
Q

Difference in knowledge and opinion

A

Knowledge is

47
Q

Which philosopher was most focused on politics and what makes good politics

A

Plato

48
Q

Said that a good person should be able to live a good life in a good state

A

Plato

49
Q

3 issues Plato dealt with

A
  1. one and the many (unity and diversity)
  2. Change (the prob with it)
  3. Appearance vs. reality
50
Q

Opinion vs. Knowledge

A

Opinion: Changeable, true or false, not backed up by reasons, is result of persuasion
Knowledge: endures or stays put, is always true, is backed up by reasons, is the result of instruction

51
Q

Believed that objects in our physical world change all the time and that if stuff changes how can we have knowledge about it

A

Plato

52
Q

Plato’s version of Form

A

General term for the objects of knowledge

53
Q

Eidos

A

Idea/Form

54
Q

Nomos vs. physis

A

N: morals based on social construct
P: Laws based on natural construct

55
Q

T/F Plato argues that if stuff constantly changes, how can you have knowledge of it?

A

T

56
Q

Differentiates between the visible and the intelligible (mortal and forms)

A

The Divided Line

57
Q

T/F The forms, in P’s opinion, are much more real than what we can see and touch

A

T

58
Q

To P, they are what is truly real

A

The Forms

59
Q

T/F When you get to the end of the Divided Line, what is there will serve as the explanation of everything to the left of it

A

T

60
Q

What Plato calls “lower forms”

A

Science

61
Q

In P’s opinion, what is the highest form?

A

The Form of the Good

62
Q

T/F Ultimate form is not responsible for the existence of everything else

A

F, it is

63
Q

How does Plato use math to argue that senses cannot gain hold on reality, but our minds can

A

Mathematics; says if you know words (ex. 3 intersecting lines with angles adding up to 180) that make up a triangle, you know what it is without using your senses. Your senses also deceive you because not every triangle you see is actually a triangle

64
Q

Things appear to change and they appear to be independent, but we know all things are not always what they seem. Could it be different? What is this argument based on

A

Appearance vs. reality

65
Q

Says that if reality is in sense one, what amounts for individual things we encounter?

A

One and the Many (unity v. diversity)

66
Q

In the cave allegory, what do the people in the cave represent

A

people who believe that knowledge comes from what we see and hear in the world; people who trust their senses and misunderstand reality

67
Q

In the cave allegory, what do the shadows represent

A

perceptions of those who believe empirical evidence ensures knowledge. If you believe that what you see should be taken as truth, then you are merely seeing a shadow of the truth

68
Q

In the cave allegory, what does the sun represent?

A

philosophical truth and knowledge (“the form of the good”)

69
Q

Explain the Analogy of the Sun

A

At first, a person can only see lower forms (reflections of the sun-shadows), but through dialectic, he can see the form of the good itself

70
Q

Explain the Analogy of the Sun

A

At first, a person can only see lower forms (reflections of the sun-shadows), but through dialectic, he can see the form of the good itself

71
Q

3 ways physical objects relate to forms

A

Cause, copy, participation

72
Q

Socrates’ beliefs on death

A

Death is a dreamless sleep or we survive death of the body and converse with those previously passed

73
Q

T/F Plato believes the soul is not immortal

A

F, he believes the soul is immortal

74
Q

Plato’s view on the soul

A

it is a self-mover, a source of activity and motion. Without the soul, the body cannot function. However, the soul and body should be separated to free the soul from its bondage to the body

75
Q

according to P, how does one achieve moral goodness?

A

By being rather than just doing good; moral goodness is about inner harmony of the soul

76
Q

3 components of the soul

A

Spirit, Reason, Desire

In charioteer- Desire: black horse that is hard to control, Spirit: energetic determination, Reason: driver

77
Q

Plato’s def. of body

A

the embodiment of the soul; the soul is the inner self that is temporarily embodied

78
Q

What is Plato’s definition of a good state?

A

One where good people can live good lives

79
Q

**p. 131

A

About P and A

80
Q

Denies immortality of the soul and ays that they are inseparable

A

Aristotle; says any object with self-movement has a soul, and when it dies, so does the soul (soul/body dualism)

81
Q

Believes that senses can yield true knowledge

A

Aristotle

82
Q

Denies the transcendent view of forms, says they are just ideas in the heads of individuals

A

Aristotle

83
Q

Focuses on logic/observation

A

Aristotle

84
Q

How Aristotle describes general concepts expressing the way things are manifested

A

Categories

85
Q

What is fundamental and can exist independently; for Aristotle: the individual things in our experiences

A

Substance

86
Q

An argument comprising of 2 premises and a conclusion composed of subject-predicate statements

A

Syllogism

87
Q

Moves from general to specific

A

Deductive reasoning

88
Q

Moves from specific to general

A

Inductive reasoning

89
Q

A’s 4 causes

A

Material
Formal
Efficient
Final

90
Q

A’s cause about what is stuff made of

A

Material

91
Q

A’s cause about how something is formed (blueprint)

A

Formal

92
Q

A’s cause about what brought the thing into existence and who is responsible

A

Efficient

93
Q

A’s cause about what a thing’s intended use is

A

Final

94
Q

Substance v. Essence

A

Substance is any individually existing entity and essence is answered by posing the 4 causes

95
Q

A’s view on change

A

Potentiality –> Actuality; if we observe enough, we can see that change is not totally random, it is movement from potentiality to actuality

96
Q

The idea that natural substances are for something

A

Teleology; telos = goal

97
Q

Practical wisdom

A

Phroenesis

98
Q

Happiness

A

Eudaemonia

99
Q

T/F A agrees with P’s form of the good

A

F, he rejects it

100
Q

According to A, when should people not be held responsible for their actions

A
  1. Ignorance

2. Compulsion

101
Q

Non passive, purely active source of knowledge and wisdom

A

Nous

102
Q

Highest good according to A

A

When the soul conforms with human excellence to create the most complete/best good

103
Q

Best life according to A

A

Life of contemplation

104
Q

How are the Forms related to physical, sensible objects

A

Participation, Imitation/Copy, Causation

105
Q

How do we come to know the Forms

A

Love/Desire/Eros
Dialectic; mystical experience
Recollection

106
Q

3 kinds of souls

A

Matter (potentiality)
Form (actuality)
The compound of matter and form

Philosophy (4 decks)

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