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TPR > Philosophy - Ethics, Punishment and Freedom/Prejudice > Flashcards

Philosophy - Ethics, Punishment and Freedom/Prejudice Flashcards

1
Q

what is ethics

A

ethics is the philosophical study of what is right and wrong

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2
Q

what is morality

A

morality is the calculation of what is acceptable behaviour based on ethical principles

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3
Q

what do duty ethicists believe

A

they believe that living a good life means being obedient to rules and duties

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4
Q

what do consequential ethicists believe

A

they believe that although following the rules may be helpful, living a good life usually means what will make us happy (similar to utilitarianism)

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5
Q

what is the quality of life principle

A

the quality of life principle is concerned with sentience … which is the capacity to reason and to feel pain and pleasure

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6
Q

what is the sanctity of life principle

A

the sanctity of life principle is a religious concept, that human life is valuable because it was given by God and humans are made in the image of God (imago dei)

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7
Q

give some ideas about the sanctity of life principle

A
  • Catholics do not allow abortion as it is considered living after it is conceived
  • humans are made ‘imago dei’ = in the image of God
  • The sanctity of life principle is usually a religious belief as human life has value because it was given by God
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8
Q

give some ideas about the quality of life principle

A
  • It is concerned with sentience = the ability to reason between pain and pleasure
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9
Q

what are the three ideas for life after death?

A

Nihilism
Resurrection
Reincarnation

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10
Q

what is Nihilism?

A

Nothing

  • Pessimistic : Little point in life
  • Optimistic : Only have one chance at life, so be as creative, imaginative and optimistic as possible
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11
Q

what is Resurrection?

A
  • Resurrection is the idea that life continues after death and you can go to heaven or hell
  • This idea can affect a persons’ values as it means that if they live a good life, they get a reward in the afterlife
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12
Q

what is Reincarnation?

A
  • Reincarnation is the belief that your spirit returns in a different body after you die. Hindus believe you cycle up or down depending on the life you have lived.
  • Reincarnation can affect a persons’ values as it means that they can live their next life as a better being and it could make people nicer to animals because they could be family.
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13
Q

what is the just war doctorine?

A

a body of thinking

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14
Q

what are the two types of pacifists

A

absolute pacifists and weak pacifists

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15
Q

what do absolute pacifists believe

A
  • Absolute pacifists believe that there is never any justification for the use of violence so all war is morally wrong
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16
Q

what do weak pacifists believe

A
  • Weak pacifists believe that violence and war should only be used as the very last resort when all other options have failed
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17
Q

When did Jesus support pacifism?

A
  • ‘Love your enemies and forgive those who hate you’ (Sermon on the Mount)
  • Peacemakers will be blessed (Beatitudes)
  • Told Peter to put his sword down in the Garden of Gethsemane
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18
Q

When did Jesus not support pacifism?

A
  • He did not condemn the soldiers
  • Said nothing explicitly about war
  • Taught that Christians should obey the state, so if the state orders, they should fight
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19
Q

what justification do you need for going to war?

A
  • There must be a just cause such as defence of the land or protection of the innocent people
  • War must be declared by a legitimate authority
  • The intentions and motives must be good; war must resist evil and promote good
  • It must have a reasonable chance of success
  • It must be a last resort. All other possibilities must be explored first.
  • The use of war must be proportionate to the result it wishes to achieve
20
Q

What justice do you need in war?

A

The means used in the battle field must be proportionate; force must be kept to the minimum
* Those who are non-combatants (all those on either side who are not soldiers) must be protected

21
Q

What justice do you after war?

A
  • The victors must restore law and order. (no revenge, only punish people who are directly responsible (leaders not people), surrender terms proportional)
  • The environment must be protected (i.e. further destruction must not take place) and make habitable
22
Q

give some ideas on punishment

A
  • Punishment is decided and delivered by an authority
  • There has to be a general recognition that the authority is allowed to do this
  • There has to be a sense that the punishment is fair and morally acceptable
23
Q

what are the aims of punishment?

A

Reform
Protection
Retribution
Deterrence
Vindication

24
Q

what is reform?

A

The theory is that the punishment will help change the criminal

25
Q

what is protection?

A

Criminals need to be locked away to protect society

26
Q

what is retribution?

A

This is the principle of ‘an eye for an eye’

27
Q

what is deterrence?

A

Punishing criminals will deter others from committing crimes

28
Q

what is vindication?

A

Criminals need to be seen to be punished for the Law to be upheld

29
Q

why is protection not effective in prison

A
  • Prisons don’t protect inmates from the negative influence of other inmates
  • Some argue that prisons can be ‘universities of crime’ where inmates learn about criminal activity rather than changing
30
Q

why is deterrence not effective in prison

A
  • There are high rates of re-offending, with probably being greater than the already significant figure quoted by UK Government statistics. For almost a quarter of all inmates not effective in reducing crime
31
Q

why is reform not effective in prison

A
  • The rate increases every year, one of the highest in the western world
  • Depersonalize offenders rather than helping them reform
  • Overcrowding in prisons leads to a lack of resources (education, occupational therapy, other training) and stops prisoners being able to re-adjust to the outside world.
32
Q

what are the two types of ethicists

A

duty
consequential

33
Q

what is capital punishment

A

death

34
Q

how does prejudice affect society

A
  • violence and harrassement
  • unfair employment and earnings
  • poor housing and living conditions
  • inferior education
  • institutionalised racism
35
Q

what did JS Mill say

A

every individual is the best judge of their own life but he also realises that there would need to be limits to stop people harming others

36
Q

what was the big question that JS Mill asked

A

at what point isit reasonable to restrict someon’s freedom because it interferes with another person’s liberty by causing them harm

37
Q

what are the 3 types of freedom

A

speech
action
belief

38
Q

what is freedom of speech

A

in a liberal democratic society are there limits on what people may say to eachother?

39
Q

what is freedom of action

A

being allowed to do whatever one wants to

40
Q

what is freedom of belief

A

everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas though any media and regardless of frontiers

41
Q

what is prejudice

A

the belief of being biased against a group of people based on little to no knowledge of the person

42
Q

what does prejudice lead to

A

discrimination

43
Q

reasons why people are prejudice (threat)

A

feeling threatened by the loss of: access to jobs/houses/opportunities
e.g. imigrants

44
Q

reasons why people are prejudice (fear)

A

fear of different customs/behaviour/standards

e.g.
imigrants
xenophobia - strangers
homopobia
rigid beliefs

45
Q

reasons why people are prejudice (ideology)

A

rigid beliefs that your ideas are right

e.g. the crusades

46
Q

what can you be prejudice against

A

upbringing, gender, ethnicity, medial/political beliefs, personal experiences

TPR (11 decks)

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