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GCSE RE REVISION > PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS > Flashcards

PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of revelation?

A

General/Natural revelation
Special revelation

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2
Q

What is general/natural revelation?

A

Revelation accessible to anybody in the world, predominately through nature.

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3
Q

What does Christianity say about general revelation?

A

‘We can know of the infinite through what God shows us in the finite world.’

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4
Q

What is special revelation?

A

Revelation most often found in the bible.

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5
Q

What is the quote from Hebrews that refers to revelation?

A

HEBREWS 1:1
“In the past, God spoke to our forefathers through the prophets at many times and in various ways, but in these last days He has spoken to us by His Son, whom He appointed Heir of all things and through whom He made the universe.

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6
Q

How does god often reveal himself in the old testament

A

Through his chosen people

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7
Q

In which book does Abram have a vision?

A

GENESIS 15.

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8
Q

Who was Joan of arc?

A

A teenage girl in France who had a vision and went on to recover France from domination during the 100 years’ war.

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9
Q

What do Atheists and Humanists believe about visions?

A

They are ‘logically impossible’ and are likely caused by altered state of mind as a result of fasting or drugs.

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10
Q

Where does it say jesus turned water into wine?

A

John 4.

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11
Q

What is an example of a miracle in the old testament?

A

The parting of the red sea.

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12
Q

Who was Bernadette sibourous?

A

A 14 year old who had 18 visions in 1858 about the virgin mary telling her a church should be built on a rock over a grotto. There is now a spring and many pilgrims come to wash themselves.

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13
Q

How many accepted cases of miracles does Lourdes have?

A

70

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14
Q

What do Atheists and Humanists believe about miracles

A

They argue they are scientifically explainable and do not provide evidence for the existence of God

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15
Q

What are examples of arguments for God’s existance?

A

Revelations, Miracles, Visions

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16
Q

Who was William James?

A

A philosopher who published ‘the varieties of religious experience’ in 1901.

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17
Q

What did William James argue were the 4 categories of religious experience?

A

Ineffability
Noetic Quality
Transiency
Passivity

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18
Q

What is Ineffability?

A

The concept that a religious experience is so overwhelming that is unexplainable to anybody that hasn’t had one.

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19
Q

What is Noetic quality?

A

The idea that a religious experience gives somebody insight on their faith that couldn’t be achieved with intelligence.

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20
Q

What is transiency?

A

The idea that a religious experience is short, typically no more than half an hour.

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21
Q

What is passivity?

A

The person who underwent the religious experience becoming helpless and potentially entering trances or speaking in tongues.

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22
Q

Who was Rudolf Otto?

A

A man who wrote ‘the idea of holy’ in 1923, concluding that religious experiences had similarities.

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23
Q

Who wrote ‘The varieties of religious experience?’ What year?

A

William James, 1901

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24
Q

Who wrote ‘The idea of holy?’

A

Rudolf Otto, 1923

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25
Q

What are the similarities of religious experience?

A
  • A feeling of the ‘numinous’
  • Fear is overcome by fascination
  • The person is left feeling like they are dependant on something beyond themselves.
  • Experiences are of awe, wonder, fascination and mystery
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26
Q

What does CCC say about religious experiences?

A

Not all of them are genuine. ‘Private revelations do not belong to the deposit of faith’

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27
Q

What is the design argument?

A

The idea that the world is too well designed to have come about by chance, and therefore must have a creator.

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28
Q

What did Isaac Newton say about the design argument?

A

‘In the absence of any other proof, the thumb alone would convince me of God’s existence’.

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29
Q

Who was William Paley?

A

A religious man who compared the world to a watch, arguing that anybody who just found a watch lying around would be forced to assume that it had a designer due to its complexity, and the same argument should be made about the world

30
Q

What did Charles Darwin say about the design argument?

A

He opposed it, arguing that natural selection is the reason for the complexity of the world, as only the fittest survive. He suggested that if life started with evolution from the beginning again, it would not produce the same result and therefore there is no design.

31
Q

What would Atheists or humanists say about creation?

A

They would argue the universe was created by the Big Bang and not divine intervention.

32
Q

Who was St Thomas Aquinas?

A

A man who looked at proving the existence of God and eventually produced 5 ways it can be proven.

33
Q

What is the cosmological argument?

A

The first 3 ways suggested by Aquinas, relating to the creation of life

34
Q

What is the first way (Aquinas)

A

The idea that something cannot come from nothing; the universe must have been put into motion by a God who has always existed, referred to as the FIRST CAUSE.

35
Q

What is the second way?

A

That there is a sequence of causes which cannot be traced back infinitely and therefore there must be an Ultimate First Cause.

36
Q

What is the third way?

A

The idea that if at some point in the past nothing existed, there must have been an agent to bring about existence, a necessary existence which we know as God.

37
Q

What is the inconsistent triad?

A

The Atheist/Humanist argument that An omnipotent and omnibenevolent God cannot exist with evil simultaneously.

38
Q

What is the argument about evil?

A

If God exists and is good, creating everything, then why does evil exist? Does God allow the devil to create it? Is it part of ‘God’s plan’?

39
Q

Who was Job?

A

A man in the old testament who, although he worships god and lives a good life, gets tested by someone called ‘the adversary’ and loses everything. He still remains faithful, and as a result god rewards him by giving him twice what he previously had.

40
Q

What did St augustine and St irenaeus think of evil?

A

St Augustine suggested evil was the absence of good.
St Irenaeus thought evil existed so people could choose between good and evil.

41
Q

How does the question of justice continue to arise despite this?

A

For example, a suffering baby who is completely innocent and cannot learn from their experience.

42
Q

What psalm addresses the problem of evil?

A

Psalm 119 suggests there is comfort in God’s laws in the presence of suffering.

43
Q

What does psalm 119 say?

A

There is comfort in God’s laws in the presence of suffering.

44
Q

Explain 2 examples that support the design argument

A

The intricacy of the human eye must have an intelligent designer
The presence of beauty in the world suggests the existence of an omnibenevolent god.

45
Q

Why were human beings given free will, even though it is able to cause suffering?

A

Humans were given free will because humanity is special, and has a special relationship with god based on choice. If we had no free will, we would be no better than robots.

46
Q

What is a good example of god’s intricate design in nature?

A

The human eye

47
Q

What is the catholic perspective on marriage?

A

Marriage is unitive and can only be heterosexual.

48
Q

SOWA about catholic marriage

A

‘A man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh.’ (Ephesians 5)

49
Q

Marriage commitment in catholicism

A

Both parties must be mature and willing to make the commitment. Marriage is a covenant of love. The couple is asked if they will ‘accept children lovingly from god’

50
Q

What are the catholic vows? (4)

A

For better for worse.
For richer and poorer.
In sickness and in health.
Until death do us part

51
Q

Exodus 20:14 SOWA

A

You shall not commit adultery

52
Q

Church opinions on homosexual marriage

A

There is no place for same sex marriage in Catholicism. Both the Catholic church and the church of England criticised the legalisation of gay marriage.

53
Q

Catholic opinions on cohabitation

A

Sex should only be within the marriage as it is for bearing children.
Children should not be raised outside of the marital home.

54
Q

Genesis on children SOWA

A

‘Be fruitful and multiply’

55
Q

What is the purpose of marriage?

A

It is unitive and procreative. A married couple should intend to have children

56
Q

What is a nuclear family?

A

Two parents and one or more children

57
Q

Why is family important?

A

Because it provides a nurturing environment where children can be educated on life and faith. (secular and religious education)

58
Q

What is the traditional catholic view of contraception?

A

It is not allowed. The purpose of sex is to have children so preventing fertilisation with contraception is forbidden. The rhythm method is allowed.

59
Q

What are more modern catholic views of contraception?

A

Contraception is allowed for instances of control and management. Since sex is only for a married couple, contraception is acceptable to control family size or allow for more consistent planning.

60
Q

How is divorce viewed in the catholic church?

A

It is not an option, as it breaks the vows and the contract before God.

61
Q

Remarriage views

A

Remarriage is forbidden on the grounds of both marriage and adultery.

62
Q

What is an annullment?

A

The dissolving of a marriage in which it is voided due to a person not bearing full commitment of freedom. It is considered that the marriage never happened and is accepted by the church.

63
Q

Other views on divorce

A

In the UK, divorce is fully accepted and statistically 50% of marriages end in divorce. Remarriage is also completely accepted and can happen as many times as one wishes.

64
Q

What are the views of St paul regarding gender equality?

A

St paul says there is mutual respect between a couple, but that the man is the head of the family. This is not really accepted in britain.

65
Q

Where does St Paul talk about marriage?

A

In his letter to the Ephesians.

66
Q

Why do some Catholics not support gender equality?

A

They support their arguments with passages from the bible, such as Ephesians. ‘Submit to one another out of reverence for Christ. Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the Lord.’

67
Q

Why do many Catholics support gender equality?

A

God made both male and female in the image of himself. Galations says that men and women are ‘ALL ONE IN CHRIST JESUS’

68
Q

What does Galations say about equality? SOWA

A

men and women are ‘all one in christ jesus’

69
Q

What does the passage from Ephesians say about equality? SOWA

A

Women, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the lord.

70
Q

How are women represented in the church?

A

Typically, women are not allowed to be priests as it is seen as standing in the place of jesus and therefore a man should do it. However, pope Francis has said it is time for women to play a more important role in the church.

71
Q

How is divine revelation completed?

A

In Jesus Christ.

GCSE RE REVISION (3 decks)

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