Philosophies (8) + Theories (9) Flashcards
characteristics of systems
one change in one part creates change in other parts
there is an exchange of energy and information within and between open systems
“dynamic balance”
maintains homeostasis
what are open systems?
systems that promote the exchange of energy and information with other systems and the environment
constant interaction with a changing environment external to the organism
(walking into a cold room will affect a person’s BP, ability to concentrate, and feeling of comfort)
what is the human needs theory?
presented by Abraham Maslow in a hierarchy (of needs)
explains that human behavior is motivated by intrinsic needs
what does Carl Rogers think of human needs and personhood?
his theory of personhood is based on the idea that people are constantly changing, discovering, adapting, and rediscovering themselves
what is adaptation in the context of hospitalization?
people admitted into hospitals (an unfamiliar environment) are commonly anxious
what are the 3 foundations of nursing?
1) person
2) environment
3) health
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1) physiologic needs
2) physical and psychological safety/ security
3) love and belonging
4) self-esteem
5) self-actualization
on self-actualization:
people do not stay here for extended periods of time but have “peak experiences” instead
Maslow says that people do not outgrow the innate need for self-expression stemmed from childhood
what are health behaviors?
include choices and habits that promote or diminish health
3 components of the Health Beliefs Model
1) evaluation of one’s susceptibility to a condition and seriousness thereof
2) an evaluation of effectiveness of health behavior
3) trigger event
4 components for effective lifestyle change (smoking)
1) information (dangers of smoking)
2) skill development (how to translate concern into action)
3) skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback (reinforcement of nonsmoking skills)
4) creating social supports for change (support groups and systems)
explain self-efficacy
having the belief and trust in oneself to modify behavior and lifestyle
what is the concept of “locus of control”?
this is the center of control that people can perceive as either internal or external
they can decide if they have the control (internal locus) to fix a health problem
holistic nursing care
nourishes the whole person (body, mind, and spirit)
explain Nightingale’s philosophy
the environment plays a vital role to the patient’s health
(health promotion in relation to the environment such as clean air and water and social interaction)
she also believes that small pets can provide benefits
explain Henderson’s philosophy
the nurse operates with the knowledge of 14 basic needs of humans (breathe normally, sleep and rest, play and recreation, curiosity, etc)
she believes the role of the nurse is to assist the patient to health and be flexible to their needs based on where they are in recovery
explain Orem’s model
there are 3 operations to consider: diagnostic (exploration), prescriptive (assessing limitations), and regulatory (produce a system of care)
nurse evaluates the patient’s level of self-care
explain Roy’s adaptation model
nurses should promote adaptation for patients to adjust to their new life after injury
theory-based education
the nursing curriculum of schools are usually built around conceptual models
curriculum of BSN programs
teach the nursing perspective or have theory-based curriculum and uses middle-range theories to guide nursing practice
curriculum of Associate degree programs
uses middle-range theories because they are more useful in practice
DNP/MSN education
frames advanced practice with a nursing model or theory
uses theory to guide research with practice questions
PhD education
conducts theory testing and theory development research to develop nursing science
what is the Health Beliefs Model?
a model that illustrates how people behave in relation to health maintenance activities
determines why some people change their health behaviors while others do not
