Philosophies Flashcards
Study and pursuit of facts which deal with the ultimate reality or causes of things as they affect life.
Philosophy
came to a close around the end of the 18th and 19th century
Modern philosophy
Upon the closing of modern philosophy, what’s next had began?
Contemporary philosophy
is characterized by political and religious outlooks.
Contemporary philosophy
Many _____emerge brought about by changes then taking place in ____.
political thinkers
Europe
the basis of absolute monarchies in Europe and in Asia.
Divine Right Theory
became Rizal’s social and political laboratory
Europe
became Rizal’s patients.
Indios
allowed liberal ideas to flow into the archipelago. (Philippines)
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869
provide a fertile ground in the country for the seeds of revolution to flourish.
socio-economic and political conditions
an ideology, which stresses belief in the ability of men and women to establish functioning social communities without the need for apparatus of state.
Anarchism
It advocates destruction of the existing society by revolution for the birth of a new and better one.
Anarchism
Two aristocratic revolutionaries who claim that the state is parasite and an enemy of the people.
Michael Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin
They encourage the abolition of private property and the exposition of fraud in the guise religion
Michael Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin
They glorify revolution as the only way to effect change
Michael Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin
Who quoted, “Man is naturally good but he is corrupted by his institution or society”
Bakunin
leading theorist of Anarchism
Bakunin
An aristocratic revolutionary who claims that the state is a parasite and an enemy of the people.
Bakunin
He hated all forms of authority, believing that society must be organized from the bottom upwards by a spontaneous cooperation and association.
Bakunin
Types of Anarchism
Classical Anarchy
Anarcho-Syndicalist
Anarcho-individualist
kind of anarchy where violence is a necessity to uproot the old system to counter resistance of the ruling class.
Classical Anarchy
It is intensely critical of social and political roles of religion in deceiving the people.
Classical Anarchy
praises the role of trade unions, advocates general strikes and prefers civil disobedience.
Anarcho-Syndicalist
Its basis is the supreme value of importance of individual freedom.
Anarcho-Syndicalist
This freedom is deemed as the superior moral right of man against any law or policy of the state.
individual freedom.
An individual bases his civil disobedience on _____-.
personal and ethical consideration
one’s protest may be in form of radical pacifism, renouncing revolutionary violence against the state.
Anarcho-individualist
an act of dying as “acceptance” of punishment for crime purportedly committed;
Radical Pacifism
a type of non-violent protest to highlight injustice and corruption to –strong public reaction
Radical Pacifism
predict the revolution between the capitalist and the proletariat
Communism
the trio of thesis, antithesis and synthesis that results to the success of the proletariat.
Communism
Communism in the 1900’s has been based on the theories of
Marx
Communism in the 1900’s has been interpreted and modified by
Lenin
Communism in the 1900’s has been based on the theories of Marx as interpreted and modified by Lenin. These theories are often called
Marxism-Leninism
their long-range goal is a society that provides equality and economic security for all.
Communists
A theory and system of social and political organization that was a major force in world politics for much of the 20th
Communism
sought to overthrow capitalism through a worker’s revolution and establish a system in which property is owned by the community as a whole rather than by individuals.
Communism
would create a classless society of abundance and freedom, in which all people enjoy equal social and economic status.
Communism
In practice, _____have taken the form of coercive, authoritarian governments that cared little for the plight of the working class and sought above all else to preserve their own hold on power.
communist regimes
believe that only a violent revolution could improve the plight of workingmen
Communists
is an ideology that seeks to preserve the status quo who, when change becomes necessary in tested institutions and practices, prefers that it come slowly, and in moderation.
Conservatism
may be taken as cautionary measure to change.
Conservatism
argued that man’s natural state was war.
T. Hobbes
According to Hobbes, Governments, particularly a _______–, was necessary to restrain man’s bestial tendencies because life without government was a “state of nature.”
Monarchy
To escape the horrors of the natural state and to protect their lives, Hobbes argued men must give up to government certain ____
rights
was the first strong exponent of conservatism.
Edmund Burke
He contended that to get power and stay in power, a ruler had to forget his ideals
Niccolo Machiavelli
He learned that by nature, humans are not good, kind, loyal or honest.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Who said that, “A wise ruler… cannot and should not observe faith when it is to his disadvantage and the causes that made him give his promise have vanished. If men were all good, this advice would not be good, but since men are wicked and do not keep their promises to you, you likewise do not have to keep yours to them.”
Niccolo Machiavelli
believed that the state should be all-powerful.
Machiavelli
Machiavelli said that every political act had only one means of measure, ____
success
The following are ideologies under Conservatism
Organicism
Clericalism
Aristocracy
Traditionalism
Paternalism
Compliance
Social Pessimism
PATOCCS
the state is viewed as an organ, the product of a healthy society, a living organism, whose parts are subordinate to and contributory to the welfare of the whole
Organicism
meaning excellence
Arete
this is the rule of the best where the members of a community place confidence on a distinct group and doubt the capacity of the masses to rule
Aristocracy
it views the separation of the church and state as undesirable. State and church must shared equal power.
Clericalism
It advocates the idea that leaders derived their power from God . The leaders are the representatives of God.
Divine Right Theory
traditions and institutions are generally considered the best since they have been tested by time.
Traditionalism
a concept where the aristocratic group is to play parents of the masses as children, under the tutelage of the latter.
Paternalism
It is a tyrant-slave mentality, a form of oppression
Paternalism
The practice of submitting oneself to authority and subordination to basic institutions.
Compliance
this concept claims that man shapes society and society is shaped by man
Social Pessimism
the reflection of man’s nature and collective behavior in a particular polity.
Society
it claims that social ills cannot be blamed on the defects of a social system alone but are imputed also on the nature, weakness and defects of man himself.
Social Pessimism
Places its faith in the rationality and goodness of man. It expresses demand for freedom of expression and equality of opportunity.
liberalism
postulates that men are born equal yet, this doctrine admits that men differ in incidences and accidents
Liberalism
it expresses demand for freedom of expression and equality of opportunity
Liberalism
claims that man is a rational being, endowed with natural rights such as life, liberty and property. Man entered into a covenant with the government.
Natural Rights Liberalism
is said to be the prophet of democracy and the main proponent of natural rights liberalism.
John Locke
says “man by nature is selfish, cruel and always seeking for his self-glorification”
Leviathan
the consent of the people is the only true basis of any sovereign rights to rule.
Social Contract Theory,
men formed governments largely to preserve life, liberty, and property, and to assure justice.
J. Locke
If governments act improperly, they break their “contract” with the people and therefore no longer enjoy the consent of the governed.
SCT
Everything is good when it leaves the hands of the creator but everything degenerates in the hands of man”.
Jean Jacques Rousseau:
Man is born free but everywhere in chains”.
Jean Jacques Rousseau:
claimed that man is inherently good but the false values of society corrupt him
JJR
He claimed that a people’s consent alone legitimizes government and the processes of decision-making must be participated by all.
JJR
He said that it is the right of the people to stage civil disobedience or to take up arms when a government breaks its covenant with them. He prescribes eternal vigilance on the part of the governed against their people.
JJR
Rousseau claims that the covenant is in HOW MANY PHASES?
2
What are the 2 phases of covenant according to JJR
- Social Phase
- Political Phase
the inhabitants of a polity decides to form a community of people
Social Phase
when the people organize a government.
Political Phase
The government and the governed are bound by a ______
symbiotic relationship
T/F: When the government has become arbitrary and oppressive however, the people have the right to overthrow the government.
T
Justifies inequalities if such inequalities are necessitated by the common weal and where there is freedom coupled with maturity.
Utilitarian Liberalism
Founder of Utiliterian Liberalism
John Stuart Mill
This ideology believes in the relativeness of truth and in the freedom of expression.
Utilitarian Liberalism
takes evolution as one of the laws of nature. While it discourages aid to the unfits of society, it is optimistic that in the far-off future, man will achieve the ideal state.
Social Darwinist Liberalism
He believed that betterment is the outcome of slow and steady processes
Darwin
is a political theory based on Darwin’s theory on natural selection,
Evolution
