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intro of Rizal > part 1 > Flashcards

part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who stressed the need of upgrading and professionalizing the teaching of Rizal?

A

The Kapisanan Ng Mga Gurong Nagmamahal Kay Rizal (KAGUNARI)

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2
Q

T or F: Rizal was a quiet, peaceful man who willfully and calmly walked to his death for his convictions.

A

T

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3
Q

Guided by the belief from childhood that he would not reach the age of ____, Rizal decided to return home against all odds.

A

30

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4
Q

When did Rizal died? and how old he was?

A

1896, 35 years old

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5
Q

Nations cherish heroes and learn from their deeds. Sadly, in the Philippines, we know little of our national heroes, while there are activities honoring them. What was developed?

A

bland nationalism

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6
Q

Bonifacio was a_____ while Rizal was ______

A

Revolutionist
Reformist

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7
Q

who gave Rizal official recognition in order to win the sympathy of the Filipinos, and to convince them that they were pro-Filipinos.

A

Americans

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8
Q

Reason why the Americans chose Rizal

A

make the filipnos conform to the new government

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9
Q

Rizal acquired the official title of title of Philippine National Hero in ____

A

1901

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10
Q

who was the first American Civil Governor?

A

William Howard Taft

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11
Q

On the recommendation of ______, the Taft Commission renamed the district of ______into the Province of Rizal through Act ____

A

Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
Morong
137

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12
Q

one of the first official steps taken by the Taft Commission to honor Rizal

A

renaming the district of Morong into the Province of Rizal

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13
Q

Act. No. 345

A

set December 30 as Rizal Day

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14
Q

granting the right to use public land upon the Luneta in the City of Manila upon which to erect a statue of Jose Rizal

A

Act No. 243

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15
Q

Who established a commission that sought to create Philippine national hero

A

US Pres. William McKinley

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16
Q

Which commission did US President McKinley establish in 1901 that sought to create Philippine national hero?

A

Taft Commission

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17
Q

purpose of the commission

A

unite the philippines by showing a Filipino Model

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18
Q

Members of the Commission composed of?

A

5 americans and 5 filipinos

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19
Q

Members of the Commission

A

Taft
Shuster
Moses
Warcester
Ide
Pardo de Tavera
Araneta
Luzurriaga
Arellano
Legarda

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20
Q

aspirants for Nasyo Bayani

A

del Pillar
Lopez Jaena
Rizal
Luna
Jacinto

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21
Q

Criteria

A

Filipino
Dead
Ardent love for country
peace loving, compassionate, honored in public worship

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22
Q

Author of the book Rizal without the Overcoat

A

Ambeth Ocampo

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23
Q

In June 1892 Rizal wrote letter to whom? He is Portuguese friend in which he he wanted show by example that Filipinos knew how to die for principles

A

Dr. Lorenzo Marquez

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24
Q

T/F: More important, Rizal addressed his countrymen, mostly “natives” or indios as “Filipinos”

A

T

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25
Q

T/F: Filipinos back then is reserved for Spaniards born in the Philippines

A

T

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26
Q

an anthropologist and a technical member of the said commission in the book “Rizal: Ang Bayani” by Crisanto Rivera there were four criteria used for choosing the national hero

A

DR. H.OTLEY BEYER

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27
Q

four criteria used for choosing the national hero:

A

Filipino
Dead
Ardent love for one’s country
A man honored after death by public worship/compassionate and peace lovingHero

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28
Q

T/F: Rizal was chosen because He was a towering figure in the Propaganda Campaign 1882-1896

A

T

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29
Q

contributed tremendously to the formation of Filipino Nationality:oHis book was praised and attacked by friends and enemies; by Filipinos and foreignersoThis book made him the most prominent in the Propaganda movement.

A

Noli Me Tangere

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30
Q

REASON THAT arouse feelings of nationhood and of love for country.

A

being a martyr of Bagumbayan

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31
Q

8 PROVINCES

A

CAVITE
LAGUNA
BATANGAS
MORONG
BATAAN
BULACAN
TARLAC
NUEVA ECIJA

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32
Q

YEAR AND PLACE WHERE RIZAL WAS unanimously elected as honorary president of La Solidaridad

A

1889, BARCELONA

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33
Q

WHAT HAPPENED IN 1891

A

unanimously chosen as “RESPONSABLE” (chief) of the Spanish-Filipino Association

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34
Q

WHEN AND WHERE DID HE founded Liga Filipina

A

July 3, 1892, Manila

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35
Q

______along with other exiles in Hong Kong held a commemorative program for Rizal

A

Emilio Aguinaldo 1897, DECEMBER 29

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36
Q

December 20, 1898, Malolos, Bulacan

A

President Aguinaldo declared Dec. 30 as “Rizal Day. He made a directive that all national flags shall be hoisted at half-mast from 12 noon on Dec. 29 and all offices of the government shall be closed the whole day on December 30 as a sign of mourning

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37
Q

edited by Antonio Luna published articles to honor and commemorate the death of Rizal.

A

“La Independencia” and “EL Heraldo de la Revolucion”,

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38
Q

Rizal monument at Luneta is imported from

A

EUROPE

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39
Q

RIZAL MONUMENT WAS CREATED BY A SWISS

A

HENRY KISSLING

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40
Q

a runner up in an international sponsored nationalists in 1912.

A

HENRY KISSLING

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41
Q

sees in him the model of the Filipinos

A

Fernando Acevedo

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42
Q

your moral influence over us is indisputable”.

A

Dr. Tomas Arejola -

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43
Q

“Rizal was the greatest product of the Philippines and that his coming to the world was like the appearance of a rare comet, whose rare brilliance appears only every other century; the most prominent man of his own people but the greatest man the Malayan race has produced”.

A

Ferdinand Blumentritt

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44
Q

the first among the Filipinos

A

Vicente Barrantes

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45
Q

Pearl of a man

A

ROST

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46
Q

Universal genius, Intellectual giant”, “Builder of the nation” “Father of Philippine Nationalism”

A

ROMERO

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47
Q

was one of Sen. Claro M. Recto’s major fight in the Senate

A

SB. 438

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48
Q

Chair of the Senate Committee on Education, that presented SB. 438

A

Sen. Jose P. Laurel

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49
Q

a nationalist is from Tanawan, Batangas. Besides being a senator, he was a former secretary of Interior Justice of the Supreme Court and President of the Japanese sponsored Philippine Republic.

A

Dr. Laure

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50
Q

Reason why SB 438 was bitterly opposed by some senators and by the Catholic Institution

A

requiring the teaching of Rizal in schools would be a violation of religious freedom.

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51
Q

An oppositionist who is the brother of Archbishop, then Cardinal Rosales

A

Senators Decoroso Rosales

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52
Q

wrote a pastoral letter against the bill.

A

Jesus Cavanna

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53
Q

Laurel sponsored a substitute measure - as a compromise the word “compulsory” was removed and was stated as …

A

an act to include in the curricula of all schools (public or private) courses on the life, works, and writings of Rizal.”

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54
Q

SB 438 WAS SIGNED INTO LAW BY, _____AS _______

A

President Ramon Magsaysay
RA 1425

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55
Q

WHO on August 16, 1956 enacted this law. RA 1425

A

National Commission on Education

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56
Q

WHO ordered the course of Rizal to be offered as a three-unit course and as a prerequisite for graduation

A

Secretary Carlos P. Romulo

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57
Q

T/F: The law authorizes the National Board Of Education to direct the translation of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo including Rizal’s other popular edition.

A

T

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58
Q

T/F: the law also provides that while the teaching of Rizal as a subject is required, the doctrine of the separation church and the state is now disallowed.

A

F

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59
Q

THE EDUCATION SECRETARY THAT allowed schools much leeway in their implementation of the provisions of the law

A

Jose E. Romero

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60
Q

T/F: Some schools issued exceptions from the reading of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

A

T

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61
Q

T/F: schools offered Rizal either as a three (3) unit course, one (1) unit or integrated with other subjects in college

A

T

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62
Q

ordered the integration of the Rizal course with appropriate subjects other than Spanish as practiced;

A

Education Secretary Alejandro Roces

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63
Q

AFTER HOW MANY YEARS OF THE PASSAGE OF RIZAL LAW DOES the three (3) unit course was ordered to be offered as a regular three unit course and a requisite for graduation as directed by then Education Secretary Carlos P. Romulo

A

13

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64
Q

mandates ORDER 247, PM, CHED ISSUANCE the immediate and full implementation of the Rizal law with sanctions against school for non-compliance’

A

Pres. Fidel v. Ramos

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65
Q

Commission On Higher Education (CHED) chairman ______ issued CHED ____, providing that the Rizal course as legislated and mandated course be offered as three-unit subject.

A

Angel c. Alcala
order no. 6

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66
Q

reiterates and specifies CHED ORDER No. 6, making Philippine history and Rizal as required three ( 3) unit courses.

A

CHED Memorandum order (CMO) No. 59

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67
Q

AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

A

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

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68
Q

Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts.

A

SECTION 1

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69
Q

The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette.

A

SECTION 1

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70
Q

It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography.

A

SEC. 2

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71
Q

The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities.

A

SEC.2

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72
Q

The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country.

A

SEC.3

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73
Q

Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.

A

SEC. 4

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74
Q

The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.

A

SEC. 5

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75
Q

This Act shall take effect upon its approval

A

SEC. 6

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76
Q

WHEN DID THE RA 1425 WAS APPROVED?

A

June 12, 1956

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77
Q

T/F: the early Filipinos had already developed their own unique culture, beliefs, practices and civilization.

A

T

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78
Q

Early Filipinos lived in a settlement called

A

barangay

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79
Q

barangay IS HEADED BY A CHIEFTAIN KNOWN AS

A

DATU

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80
Q

Represented an independent community.

A

BALANGAY OR BARANGAY

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81
Q

Datu of a certain barangay was aided by a__________in running the affairs of the barangay.

A

Council of elders

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82
Q

who promulgated laws IN THE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

A

Datu and the village elders

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83
Q

aws, which were then announced and explained to the people by a town crier called the

A

umalohokan

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84
Q

They also paid tributes called

A

BUWIS

85
Q

HIGHEST DIVISION OF CLASSES IN PRE-SPANISH

A

DATU AND HIS FAMILY

86
Q

LOWEST DIVIDION OF CLASSES

A

SLAVES

87
Q

represented the apex of pre-Spanish nobility in the Philippine Archipelago.

A

DATU

88
Q

Before the early Filipinos were colonized by the Spaniards, there was already an existence of the so-called

A

STATE

89
Q

Examples of these states were the existence of thE

A

Muslim Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao
Confederation of Madya-as

90
Q

a pre-Hispanic Philippine state in the Visayas region established in the 13th century by the datus (chiefs), led by ____

A

Confederation of Madya-as
DATU PUTI

91
Q

had fled from the tyranny of Rajah Makatunao of Borneo.

A

DATU PUTI

92
Q

PRE-SPANISH JUDICIAL PROCESS WERE HELD IN ?

A

PUBLIC

93
Q

Whenever a case cannot be readily decided upon the barangay court, they resorted

A

trial by ordeal.

94
Q

was employed to determine guilt or innocence.

A

TRIAL BY ORDEAL

95
Q

It was related to their belief of supernatural existence.

A

TBO

96
Q

It was believed that God would intervene in the outcome if the accused was innocent or guilty.

A

TBO

97
Q

This method required the suspects or accused to do something dangerous or even life-threatening. If the accused survived the ordeal, he or she is (usually) proclaimed

A

INNOCENT

98
Q

HOW MANY ORDEALS WERE UTILIZED

A

3

99
Q

three ordeals.

A

RIVER
BOILING WATER
CANDLE

100
Q

ORDEAL IMPLICATION TODAY

A

IPINAPASA DIYOS

101
Q

T/F: Pre-colonial Filipinos had already made contact with Chinese traders, Indians, Indonesians and even established trading and diplomatic relations with countries as far away as the Middle East.

A

T

102
Q

system of writing of early Filipinos was of

A

Sanskrit origin.

103
Q

is one best example of such talent in farming.

A

BANAUE RICE TERRACES

104
Q

Aside from being farmers, hunters, weapon-makers, and seafarers, the pre-colonial Filipinos were also involved in such professions

A

mining, textiles, and smithing

105
Q

They also excelled in____ that they locally-produced items such as pots, jewelry, and clothinG

A

craftsmanship

106
Q

why our ancestors were easily subjugated by the Spaniards?

A

Some historians and Filipino writers would claim that the Spanish cleverly exploited the regionalist tendencies of the pre-colonial Filipinos.

107
Q

befriending a particular barangay to fight another barangay) to control the islands during their entire reign.

A

DIVIDE-AND-CONQUER STRATEGY

108
Q

In terms of marriage customs, parents usually

A

arranged marriage

109
Q

was resorted to in case of marital troubles

A

DIVORCE

110
Q

they occupied a high position in early Philippine society.

A

WOMEN

111
Q

T/F: Women shared equal footing with men in early society.

A

T

112
Q

T/F: In terms of sexual matters, sexual freedom was restricted.

A

F

113
Q

one of the grounds for divorce was

A

not being sexually satisfied.

114
Q

T/F: there was an existence of prostitution during the pre-colonial days.

A

F

115
Q

It could be said that the pre-colonial Philippines was largely

A

MATRIARCHAL

116
Q

was a very prestigious position in the pre-Spanish period and was often occupied by women.

A

BABAYLAN

117
Q

The Babaylans were reduced to a mere “___”. IN THE SPANISH PERIOD

A

quack doctor

118
Q

Spaniards into the minds of our ancestors that the epitome of being a woman was to act like

A

MARIA CLARA

119
Q

T/F: More than a hundred languages and dialects exist in the Philippines during the pre-soanish

A

T

120
Q

Some of the Tagalog words that are used today hava a

A

SANSKRIT ORIGIN

121
Q

There was an evidence of the high level of pre-Hispanic culture like having a native literature as illustrated by the Ilocano’s ballad-epic narrating the life and bravery of

A

LAM-ANG

122
Q

represents high aspects of a culture that was handed down from generation to the next in the form of poetry, ballads, songs, and dances that depict religious, festive, heroic, folk, seasonal, or about harvest, love, or war.

A

oral tradition

123
Q

Pintados or painted people.

A

Filipinos from the Visayas Islands

124
Q

Islas del Pintados

A

VISAYAS ISLANDS

125
Q

were part of the body ornaments of pre-Hispanic Filipinos, men and women alike. These were also sported as war “medals.”

A

TATTOO

126
Q

T/F: The more tattoos, the more impressive was a man’s war record.

A

T

127
Q

T/F: On the part women. tattoo signified beauty.

A

T

128
Q

syllabary made of seventeen symbols

A

BAYBAYIN OR ALIBATA

129
Q

HOW MANY VOWELS

A

3

130
Q

HOW MANY CONSONANTS

A

14

131
Q

The theory of David Diringer states that the language derived from

A

Kavi or old Javanese

132
Q

Fletcher Gardner suggests that the writings might be influenced

A

Indian priests who were knowledgeable about the Brahms scripts.

133
Q

BAYBAYIN WAS REPLACED BY

A

ROMAN ALPHABETS

134
Q

T/F: early Filipinos already believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death.

A

T

135
Q

a powerful tool employed by the Spaniards to control us for more than 300 years.

A

CATHOLICISM

136
Q

they tend to worship idols IN TAGALOG, IN VISAYAN

A

ANITOS
DIWATA

137
Q

a child greeted by a stranger will get sick)

A

USOG

138
Q

The Spaniards allowed the Filipinos to go on with some of their beliefs, practices and rituals as long as they would also observe the Roman Catholics’ practices. The result was the blending of the early beliefs and practices of early Filipinos and that of the Roman Catholics which has led some foreign authors to describe them

A

‘Pagano-Christians or Folk-Christianity/Folk-Catholicism.

139
Q

was the first Muslim community in Mindanao

A

SULU

140
Q

was the founder and the first sultan of the Sulu sultanate.

A

Hashim Abubakar

141
Q

Abubakar belongs to a

A

sharif lineage

142
Q

is a title of nobility

A

SHARIF

143
Q

known in history as the center of Islamic learning in this country.

A

SULU

144
Q

The full Islamization of the west coast of Mindanao was accelerated with the arrival of

A

Muhammad Sharif KabungsuwaN

145
Q

a descendant of Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W.) _________established the Sultanate of Maguindanao somewhere in 1516.

A

Sharif Kabungsuwan

146
Q

The Islamization of Southeast Asia was generally accomplished by ___through Muslim traders, missionaries, and teachers.

A

peaceful means

147
Q

t/f: When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines during the first half of the 16th century, many parts of Luzon, including the large native kingdoms of Manila and Tondo, had already been Islamized.

A

T

148
Q

The Spaniards were a non-laboring class,

A

Filipino historian Onofre D. Corpuz:

149
Q

The Philippine islands had caught the attention of Europeans with the Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer

A

Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.

150
Q

Magellan claimed the lands for Spain and named them ____in honor of King Philip II (for whom the island was named).

A

Islas de San Lazaro

151
Q

After the voyage of Magellan, HOW MANY expeditions were sent:

A

4

152
Q

four expeditions

A

Loaisa (1525),
Cabot (1526),
Saavedra (1527),
Villalobos (1542), and
Legazpi (1564)

153
Q

gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain).

A

Ruy López de Villalobos

154
Q

WHAT expedition was the most successful.

A

LEGAZPI

155
Q

became the country’s first governor-general.

A

MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI

156
Q

In 1565,MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI established the first permanent Spanish settlement in

A

CEBU

157
Q

was founded in 1571

A

MNL

158
Q

Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu, whom the Spanish called

A

MOROS

159
Q

were never completely subdued by Spain(

A

MOROS

160
Q

Became a major motivation for early Portuguese and Spanish expeditions of the east.

A

search for a new trade route and the desire for spices

161
Q

ere very important that it could even buy land or be used as a dowry

A

SPICES

162
Q

WHAT made the spices so important

A

FOOD PRESERVATION

163
Q

was also one of the reasons OF EXPEDITION

A

SPREAD OF CATHOLICISM

164
Q

It has been said that the conquest of the island was done through____

A

swords and the cross

165
Q

Spaniards have obtained the support of local chiefs by giving gifts and exempting them from tributes and polo and even concluded a blood compact with native rules.

A

policy of attraction,

166
Q

was carried upon where large numbers of Filipinos at one time enabled the initial conversion to Christianity.

A

Mass baptism

167
Q

The converted natives became fanatic and began to follow blindly the dictates of the friars because of their value in the

A

salvation of the soul

168
Q

To finalize their control over the natives, they built a

A

plaza complex” or “pueblo”

169
Q

church bells

A

bajo de la campana).

170
Q

Those who preferred to live within the vicinity of the pueblos were known as \

A

taong-loob

171
Q

while those who refused were known as

A

taong-labas or remontados, cimarrones, ladrones, or tulisanes.

172
Q

THE PUEBLO MAKING POLICY IS CALLED

A

reduccion or resettlement policy

173
Q

became the center of all significant activities of the natives from birth to death

A

CHURCH AND PLAZA

174
Q

The King of Spain governed the Philippines through the

A

Governor-general.

175
Q

He was the king’s representative in all state and religious matters and as such he exercise extensive powers.

A

GOV-GEN

176
Q

He held the executive, legislative and judicial powers

A

GOV-GEN

177
Q

who ruled in the province,

A

ALCALDE MAYOR

178
Q

who controlled the town

A

Gobernadorcillo

179
Q

headed the barangay.

A

Cabeza de barangay

180
Q

Philippine society was predominantly

A

feudalistic.

181
Q

The social classification was based on

A

RACE

182
Q

(Spaniards born in Spain)

A

Peninsulares

183
Q

(Spaniards born the Philippines) or popularly known as Filipinos, Creoles,

A

Insulares

184
Q

lowest strata were

A

Indios

185
Q

The Philippines’ State and Church were united when the pope granted the monarch of Spain

A

Patronato Real or Royal Patronage power

186
Q

held executive functions of government on the local level

A

Augustinian, Dominican, and Franciscan

187
Q

In reality, FRIARS were the ___ throughout the Spanish era.

A

“true conquistadors”

188
Q

The Spanish priests or friars were seen as important instruments of what modern critics called a

A

friarocracy”

189
Q

The Indios were also constantly reminded that they

A

had inferior intelligence and that they were fit for manual labor.

190
Q

T/F: For almost three hundred years since the Spaniards settled in the Philippines, there was no systematic government supervision of schools

A

T

191
Q

T/F: It was only in the late 19th century that Filipinos were only able to attend school.

A

T

192
Q

the Spanish government decreed that a system of free public primary education be established in the Philippines.

A

1863

193
Q

Wealthy locals or later known as educated Filipinos) who could afford to send their children to school.

A

ILLUSTRADOS

194
Q

Their exposure to education fueled their nationalistic feelings and the realization that equality and freedom are

A

basic rights.

195
Q

The system became a source of abuse and corruption because the encomendero was free to raise the tribute to be collected from the people.

A

encomienda system

196
Q

Taken from the Spanish verb, which means to entrust or to assign responsibility to a person

A

encomendar

197
Q

are the first haciendados or hacienderos in the Philippines controlling vast tracts of land

A

encomenderos

198
Q

native Indios and mestizos from 16 years old to 60 years old were forced to work for 40 days every year.

A

polo y servicios

199
Q

WHEN WAS THE labor was reduced to 15 days.

A

1884

200
Q

Products of forced labor

A

churches, roads and other government buildings.

201
Q

involved the forced selling of farmer’s products most especially tobacco, palay and coconut oil to the government.

A

BANDALA SYSTEM

202
Q

piece of paper containing a promise to pay

A

promissory note

203
Q

It has been reported that the government officials don’t have any ____because they wouldn’t pay the farmers in the end.

A

palabra de honor

204
Q

The imposition of taxes or the collection of tribute was replaced by the yearly purchase of a

A

cedula personal.

205
Q

was a mandatory identification card used in assessing tribute paid by the natives and in determining those who were subject to forced labor.

A

cedula personal.

206
Q

It also served as a residence tax certificate and as a passport to restrict the movement of people.

A

cedula personal.

207
Q

Those who could not present their cedula could be arrested and imprisoned by the

A

Guardia Civil.

208
Q

The amount of cedula was based on the

A

race and position of the person

209
Q

Bonifacio and the katipuneros tore their cedulas while shouting for Philippine independence.

A

Cry of Pugadlawin in 1896,

intro of Rizal (4 decks)

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