PHILO Flashcards
is often understood as the absence of restraints or freedom to do whatever one wants. However, it can also be defined in three ways: at the biological level, where a healthy body is identified, at the higher level, where spontaneity of tendencies is identified, and at the consciousness level, where the possibility of choosing is defined.
Freedom
not absolute, and actions and choices have corresponding effects on the person, others, and the environment. When actions hurt or harm oneself or others, they should be stopped
Freedom and its Limitation
The capacity to choose is crucial for an authentic human life, as it allows individuals to make deliberate actions based on their individual motivations. If a person cannot choose, they may feel responsible for their actions, as they are not able to control events beyond their control.
Freedom and Choice
We often blame others for our mistakes, indicating our lack of maturity. However, it’s crucial to remember that our decisions affect others, and their consequences can be positive or negative depending on factors like intention, execution, and outcome.
Consequence and Responsibility
Before making decisions, exercise prudence to avoid regret and make wise choices. Evaluate the consequences, consider the ugly effect, and carefully consider all available options. This will help avoid making big mistakes that could lead to unmanageable problems and lifelong consequences.
Importance of Prudence in all Choices
was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work within Jewish philosophy, existentialism, and phenomenology, focusing on the relationship of ethics to metaphysics and ontology.
EMMANUEL LEVINAS
was an Austrian-Israeli philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of existentialism centered on the distinction between the I–Thou relationship and the I–It relationship.
MARTIN BUBER
is the shared understanding and meaning we create when we interact with others. It’s how we connect and build common ground.
Intersubjectivity
is a conversation where people listen deeply, share honestly, and try to understand each other’s perspectives. It’s about connecting with someone on a deeper level.
Authentic dialogue
Introduces the topic of intersubjectivity, which is the shared understanding and meaning we create when we interact with others.
INTRODUCTION
This part emphasizes the importance of recognizing and respecting the unique individuality of each person.
ACCEPTANCE OF THE FACE OF THE PERSON
It explores the idea that we have an ethical responsibility to care for others, but without forcing our own ideas or values on them.
ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY WITHOUT IMPOSING OTHERS
This part focuses on the importance of genuine and respectful communication, where people listen deeply, share honestly, and try to understand each other’s perspectives.
AUTHENTIC DIALOGUE WITH THE OTHER PERSON
freedom is closely linked to
having a healthy body; when individuals are ill,
they often feel
Biological level
true freedom involves the ability to
fulfill one’s desires, as noted by Epicurus.
However, not all desires are beneficial; some can
be harmful, which necessitates self-control and the
ability to resist certain impulses.
Spontaneity
the ability to choose
among multiple options. For there to be a choice,
one needs several motives, several possibilities of
action.
Level Of Consciousness
is defined as a relational act where
individuals exist for one another, emphasizing
cooperation and the value of genuine dialogue,
friendships, and love.
Intersubjectivity
principles of social justice advocate for fair
treatment based on inherent dignity, while Iris Marion
Young highlights structural injustices and the need for
collective responsibility.
John Rawls’
critiques Western philosophy for
prioritizing the self over the other, asserting that moral
responsibility arises through the recognition of the other’s
uniqueness.
Emmanuel Levinas
emphasizes the interconnectedness of
individual freedoms, social justice, and global
responsibilities in fostering a just society.
Human Sociality
emphasizes the role of
individuals in interpreting social phenomena, while
methodological holism focuses on societies and
institutions.
Methodological individualism
contrasts personal compassion with
institutional roles in his interpretation of the Good
Samaritan, suggesting that both can coexist in a just
society.
Paul Ricoeur
expands on the idea of development as
freedom, arguing that true democracy empowers
individuals to address their needs while promoting
capabilities for justice.
Amartya Sen
“Allegory of the Cave”
Plato
illustrates the
journey from ignorance to enlightenment through a
metaphorical narrative.
The “Allegory of the Cave” by Plato
is portrayed as a transformative journey that
requires questioning and seeking deeper truths beyond
mere appearances.
Education
representing the true self, seeks knowledge
and understanding, moving from darkness (ignorance) to
light (truth).
The soul,
is the process that would aide in
understanding the holistic point of view of what is going
on around us
Reflection
is an initial, analytical mode of
thinking that compartmentalizes and reduces lived
experiences to mere objects or functions.
Primary reflection
is a deeper form of reflection that
seeks to integrate and understand the unity of human
experience.
Secondary reflection
a selfless behavior that benefits others at a
cost to oneself.
ALTRUISM
revolutionized
evolutionary biology by asserting that genes, rather than
individuals or groups, are the primary units of natural
selection.
Richard Dawkins’ “The Selfish Gene”
presents existentialism as a philosophy emphasizing
individual freedom and responsibility.
Jean-Paul Sartre’s “Existentialism Is a Humanism”
is the author of “Critique of Pure
Reason,”
Immanuel Kant
a foundational text in modern philosophy that
explores the limits and scope of human reason,
particularly in relation to metaphysics.
Immanuel Kant is the author of “Critique of Pure
Reason,”
meditation are valuable tools for
self-growth, mental health, and inner peace. By taking
small steps to embrace these practices, anyone can
enhance their sense of well-being and clarity
Solitude and meditation
