Phillip II 1556 - 1598 Flashcards
1
Q
Describe Phillips upbringing?
A
Born in 1527, he was groomed to succeed the Spanish by Charles, whom he received many letters from.
Brought up an educated in Spain unlike Charles
Learnt Maths, Greek, Architecture and History but there were no other attempts at teaching him foreign languages - a grave fallback for the heir to a multilingual empire
Avid collector of religious books, nature and music.
2
Q
In what ways was Phillip prepared to be king?
A
- Recieved letters from Charles while he was away
- Attended Royal councils from the age of 12
- Regent in 1543 until 1548 where Charles would often ask Phillip for political advice and started to visit other parts of his empire
- Charles abdicated in Brussels in 1555 and Phillip became king.
3
Q
What advice did Charles give Phillip upon abdication?
A
Serve God
Support the inquisition and eradicate heresy
pay attention to finance
ensure justice
ensure advisers don’t become too powerful
to hold onto all territories he had inherited.
4
Q
Where did phillip like to govern from?
A
Preferred to stay in place rather than travel round with secretaries, establishing a permanent capital in Madrid - hardly leaving Spain.
5
Q
How did Phillip like to interact with his officials?
A
Liked to write to his officials while his father met them face to face - all important papers were meant to come to him for consideration and signature often commenting on them.
6
Q
What were the issues with Phillip’s style of governing?
A
The amount of letters his style produced meant he had to read up to 400 documents a day meaning he offered from exhaustion and giving up on his work.
In theory Phillip was the only person in Spain who had complete knowledge on a decision that had to be made.
Lack of time and energy often meant he also risked bad decisions or to issue contradictory decisions
7
Q
How long did it take for Phillip to commmunicate with different parts of his empire?
A
With no delays it could take ~2weeks to Brussels or Milan. ~2 months to mexico, and this was with no delays from Phillip’s leadership style.
8
Q
What did poor communication across the Empire mean in terms of decision making?
A
TMT the circumstances in which the decisions was made may have changed. It was often impossible to reverse the decisions and many councilors were forced to make their own decisions. Many described it as ‘administrative chaos’
9
Q
Why was Phillip very private in his work?
A
He thought he could only do the best for people by paying personal attention to each matter exacerbated by his reluctancy to fully trust anyone and his father’s advice cemented this.
10
Q
What showed that Phillip didn’t want advisers to have too much power?
A
He showed on the death of one of his councilors he believed to have too much power.
11
Q
How decisive was Phillip?
A
Often portrayed as indecisive with an inability to make decisions. He only acted decisively on rare occasions such as during the buildup to him becoming the King of Portugal.
12
Q
why was Phillip indecisive and his governing technique slow?
A
He thought he could only do the best for his people by giving personal attention to each issue - exacerbated by his inability to trust anyone fully following his fathers advice.
13
Q
Provide evidence of Phillip’s untrusting nature?
A
Phillip showed on the death of one of his councilors he believed had too much power.
14
Q
How often was phillip indecisive?
A
He was indecisive in almost every matter, bar a few occasions such as the buildup to him becoming the king of Portugal
15
Q
How did Phillip improve adminstration of the government?
A
Phillip tried to increase the quantity and quality of information he received to base his decisions on. In 1861, he moved all government offices to Madrid, centralizing his system. A special depository for government papers was created, so there could be more easily called upon when needed.
16
Q
How did Phillip alter the council of state members (Conciliar system)?
A
Non - castillians were being replaced by castillians, building resentment within the empire. The new members consisted mostly of two rival families and their supporters - the prince of Eboli and the Duke of Alba. This allowed Phillip to usually hear two opposing views.
17
Q
How were the regional councils reorganised to be more effective?
A
- they would now meet regularly at a fixed time on fixed days
- Five new councils created ( Council of Italy and a council of Portugal)
- Each had a secretary and dealt with legislative and judicial matters that would report to Phillip on a daily basis.
18
Q
What was a drawback of the way Phillip reorganised the regional councils?
A
Because the reports and orders went directly through Phillip, the information he received was often manufactured or inaccurate - > this became a bigger problem following 1559 as he didn’t leave the Iberian peninsula from then, so he could not tell if he was being told the truth.
19
Q
What caused the government structure to change after 1585?
A
As the king grew older he became less efficient - particularly as he fell ill in 1585, meaning a system of Juntas were set up/
20
Q
What were Juntas?
A
Comprised of minsiters and officials thought to be well versed on the matters at hand, they were not permenant positions but they were expected to advise the king.
21
Q
Who was King Phillip’s private secretary?
A
Mateo Vazquez
22
Q
What did Mateo Vazquez do?
A
he was key in making the Junta system work and acted as a coordinator of all work of the Juntas.
23
Q
What were the responsibilities of Phillip’s secretaries?
A
They were intermediaries between Phillip and the councils, taking reports to him and relaying his views to the councils.
24
Q
Who was the principle secretary throughout his reign?
A
At the beginning of his reign it was Gonzalo Perez,until his death in 1566, when the post was given to his son Antonio Perez (Eboli family) who he had to share it with Gabriel De Zayas (Duke of Alba family)
25
Why did Phillip willingly promote two factions at court?
He thought it would encourage debate by having two parties of equal strength.
He would support one faction on one issue and then support the other on a different issue, as a result the factional rivalry would evaluate in detail the particular implications of a policy
26
What were the two factions in Phillip's court?
the Prince of Eboli family
The Duke of Alba family
27
Explain the Eboli faction?
The Eboli family attracted a sizeable group of nobles including antonio perez who took over from eboli after he died in 1573
The Eboli faction pursued a moderate foreign policy, believing that territories should be managed on a federal basis
28
Explain the Alba faction?
The Alba faction included important secretaries of Mateo Vazquez and Gabriel de Zayas.
The Alba faction believed the territories should be administered centrally and they led the war party.
29
What happened to the faction 'system' as time went on?
The factions became increasingly inconsistent in their beliefs as they were determined to disagree with the other. The factions spiraled out of control when Perez (Eboli) encouraged the murder of Escobedes (Alba) in 1578. The factional strife of the late 1570s paralysed government.
Perez overreached and interfered in the troubles of the low countries without royal authority - contributing to his downfall.
30
Did the factions pose a direct challenge to phillip?
No, his Personal authority remained unchallenged throughout the bouts of factional strife
31
How did phillip use nobles in government?
He employed grandees in war, diplomacy and government abroad to reduce their power and influence in Spain by removing them from the country.
Any domestic nobles were encouraged to spend time at court where they could be easily controlled.
32
What were the changes in the style of government from Charles to Phillip?
- Stayed in spain and did not directly interact with as much of his Empire
- Increasingly centeralised in Madrid
- Rarely attended councils, instead relying on secretaries
- Factionalism
- More Castillians at court
- Grandees were sent abroad to deal with foreign affairs
- Directly read all documents and all important royal affairs
33
What were elements of continuity in the style of government from Charles to Phillip?
- Relied on numerous councils which letrados dominated
- Council of Castille remained mroe important
34
What were the differences between the Alba and Eboli factions regarding the Netherlands ?
Eboli = sympathised with the dutch rebellions in the Netherland
Alba = wanted the ruthless repression of Dutch rebels,
35
What were the three main reasons for the Morsicos revolt 1568?
- the position of Morsicos
- Government action towards the moriscos
- Political situation in North Africa
36
What was Phillip's outlook to the Moriscos?
He continued Charles' policy of wanting to create genuine conversos
37
Why was it hard for Phillip to create conversos at the start of his reign?
Many clergy put little effort into teaching their faith, for them, as long as they attended mass and appeared Christian they had little else to do
38
In what ways were moriscos not converting/integrating into Spanish society?
- Arabic was still being spoken
- Circumsion was still common
- Marriage within their own community remained prevelant
- traditional dressing and practices remained
- Moriscos could pay subsidies easily to avoid persecution
39
Why did policies toward the moriscos harshen under Phillip?
As the Silk trade became increasingly less economically viable, when exports were banned and heavy taxes were imposed
40
What was Phillip's first policy that was harsh to the moriscos - in 1560 ?
In 1560, a programme began to investigate moriscos landholding rights - those who could not provide proof either lost their land or had to pay a fine.
41
Why were the spanish fearful of Morsicos - seen as a threat to security?
They were seen as:
- willing to ship ottomans across the mediteranean to Spain
- support Muslim Corsairs in North Africa, who had attacked many villages on the spanish coast
- Fears they would join forces with French protestants to in a spanish invation
These fears only increased with the 1565 siege of Malta
42
What policy did the 'security threat' from the Moriscos create in 1567?
Moriscos forbidden:
- from wearing the distincitve cultural dress
- Reading moorish literature
- Traditional songs and dances
- Any other traditional customs or actions
43
What did the 1567 morisco policy lead to (not the revolt)?
It was published on the anniversary of Grenada's defeat, and private and public baths were destroyed, including those at the Alahambra - it was a policy of hardline coercion, with the inquisition increasing investigations on moriscos.
44
When did the Moriscos revolt and what happened?
They revolted on Christmas eve 1568, The Spanish gov was mostly unprepared as a majority of their troops were fighting in the Netherlands - nonetheless, the Moriscos were defeated by government forces in 1570
45
What were the two main revolts under Phillip?
Aragonese Revolt 1592
Moriscos revolt 1568
46
What were the key consequences of the Moriscos revolt 1568?
- Dispersial of moriscos across the christian world to encourage conformity
- Granada suffers economically
- building of 84 new forts in Granada Number of missionaries working with moriscos increased but this had little effect
47
Why were moriscos spread across the christian world after the 1568 moriscos revolt?
It was thought if they were spread out the moriscos were more likely to conform, but they moved moriscos to new parts of spain which caused fears, suspicions and jealousies to grow and become more widespread.
48
In what ways did Granada suffer economically after the Moriscos revolt?
While Christians moved into vacant lands, 1/3 of settlements remained abandoned and the population fell by 1/4 between 1561-1591. 100k left and 20k died on the jounrey out of Granada
49
Why did the Moriscos revolt greatly encourage phillip to build more forts in Granada?
Spain had gotten lucky, there were only 20,000 poor quality spanish toops and no effective local forces to deal with the revoly, and many coastal areas were unprotected. It was only because the turks offered little support and the valencian morsicos had not revolted too. This highlighted military weakness and hpillip ordered the building of 84 new forts in spain?
50
How many new forts were ordered to be built in Granada after the Moriscos revolt?
84 new forts
51
Why was phillip hardly involved with Aragon throughout his reign?
He rarely visited or held cortes there, rarely asking it for money that they ouldn't pay as it was less economically viable than Castille. It was also because of the Fueros of Aragon Protected by the Justicia.
52
Why did Phillip decide to intervene in Aragon despite no previous action?
- A failure to but the County of Ribagorza on the french border for greater security against french Hugenots
- Failure to control rising lawlessness in Aragon Silver convoys going from Castile to Italy had been attacks by bandits and siezed in 1582.
- The Duke of Vilharmarosa and other Landowners wanted Philip to intervene as they thought conditions would improve under kingly leadership
- vassals of landowners would've preffered the King's leadership
53
What are the short term causes of the aragonese revolt?
- phillip sent troops to the Valenican coast in 1582 to protect from a potential pirate attack, Aragonese argue its against their fueros and privelleges
- A non aragonese native was sent as Viceroy (Marquis of Almenara) which broke Fueros -> despite the case going to the Justicia it was decided Fueros did not apply to the position of Viceroy
- Soldiers from Aragon were sent to Ribagorza claiming law and order had broke down their and in 1591, the area became a possesion of the crown
- many were also upset so much of their finances went to Castile and thought they would be better off independent
Many harboured deep resentment that their laws and privelleges were being trampled on
54
Explain the events of the Aragonese revolt?
A minor rebellion broke out in 1591
Antonio perez (Phillips disgraced chief secretary, said to have organised the murder of Escobedo) fled Castile to Aragon, claiming to be tried in the courts of the Justicia, while Phillip tried to get it in the hands of the inqusiton - seen as an infringement of rights that worried many lesser nobles.
The Army was sent in (mainly to Saragossa) and quickly dealt with it, excecuting all leaders
Antonio Perez escaped to France with a small group of Rebels
55
Why do many debate whether the Aragonese revolt should actually be called a revolt?
- The rebellion was mainly confined to the town of Saragossa, Catalonia and Valencia did not participate
- Most people and nobles did not join in
- The rebels only took over Saragossa
56
Why did Phillip not react Harshly to Aragon after the Aragonese revolt?
Despite being in a position to reform Aragon, Phillip decided not to do so due to his sense of Justice. Only a few people had taken part and Aragon had helped him stave off French invaders. He may have learnt from the Netherlands and realised it was not worth it to impose the crowns power by altering traditions and customs.
57
What did Phillip do to increase his power in Aragon after the Aragonese revolt?
- At a Cortes of tarazona in 1592, he was given the right to dismiss the Justicia as he wished and:
- He was entitled to appoint a foreigner as viceroy in Aragon if he saw fit
- It was agreed laws in the Aragonese Cortes would be passed with a majority vote - rather than unanimously
- The permanent Cortes lost much of their say on the how the finances of Aragon would be dealt with.
58
Despite there only being two major revolts, what two major complaints persisted against Phillip?
That he seldom visited other parts of his empire
That too many Non Castillians had too much power in Spain
59
What are the three main religous aspects of Philips reign?
Inquisition
Reformation of the Catholic church
Control of the Church
60
What were the aims of the inquisition under Philip?
Keeping Protestantism out of Spain
as well as any other non catholic sects + censoring that media
61
What were the two aspects of reforming the Catholic church under philip?
The Council of trent (tridentine decree)
Council of Trent
62
What were the two aspects of controlling the church in spain?
Relations with the pope
Jesuits
63
What was the religous situation in Spain in 1556?
- Clergy uneducated and poorly paid, many regular people had poor religious understanding
- High levels of church absenteeism
- Quality of bishops and archbishops greatly varied, they were often positions held by rich famalies who were non-residents of their See
- Some areas had too many parishes while others had too few - > often creating overlaps between churches, monastic orders, inquisitors and other authorities
- many people's faith was still rooted in Pagan festivals and local rituals
64
How did the aims of the inquisition change under Philip?
Originally they actively sought out protestants, but following 1562 when protestantism had been mostly dealt with, the inquisition had changed its direction by investigating and dealing with enforcing moral and Christian standards within the Laity.
65
How much of an issue was spreading protestantism under phillip?
In 1557, 130 protestants were arrested in Seville, and another group was arrested in Valladolid, all protestant groups were seemingly eliminated and it posed no threat. This caused the inquisition to change their aims in 1562, aiming to enforce moral and christian standards within the laity.
66
What was the main way the inquisition censored works?
The Spanish Index of forbidden books
67
How did the Spanish inquisition censor heretic works?
- The Spanish index of forbidden books was regularly extended and revised so that it included all known works of Heretics
- All books and manuscripts had to have a license before they could be published
- All bookshops and libraries were liable to searches for circulating banned books
68
How else did phillip attempt to prevent protestantism and other religions from entering spain?
a 1559 decree prohibited Spanish students from studying abroad at foreign universities, although many Spanish students were found at Dutch and Italian universities.
69
What was the drawback of Phillip's censorship (Argued by Elliot) ?
The censorship had a negative impact on the intellectual life of spain and contributed to social isolation.
70
In what ways was Phillip's censorship policies unsuccesful?
Because they traded with Europe, launched political missions across Europe, they still brought in new ideas.
Some argue the censorship contributed to Spain's cultural isolation and damaged spain's intellectual potential
71
What was the council of Trent?
Pope Paul III the council of Trent was set up to condemn Protestantism, clarify the doctrines of the catholic church, deal with corruption in the church and improve the quality of the clergy.
It met 3 times from 1545 - 1563 and the Spanish clergy was heavily involved
72
How did the council of trent reinforce catholic doctorines?
- The latin Vulgate bible became the official version
- The mass was to be the most important part of worship
- Variations in the lithurgy (how the public could worship) were abolished and a new Missal (Catholic customs and prayer book) was to be used by all
73
How did the council of Trent improve the authority and abillities of bishops?
- Bishops had to live in their beneficies
- Had to hold meetings of clergy in their area
- had to visit dioceses regularly and preach regularly
- Became responsible for ensuring quality of those admitted to holy orders
- Has to see that religous communities kept observant of their rule of life (uphold a catholic lifestyle)
74
How were priests improved/changed at the council of trent?
- Recieved more education and training that was at a higher quality
- Preach every sunday
- Provide Christian education of the Laity (ordinary people)
- Keep records of Births, Marriages, deaths and baptisms
- Only having one parish that they must remain in
75
When was the Tridentine reforms brought into Spain and Europe?
Pope Pius IV brought them to all of Europe in 1564 and Phillip brought them into Spain the next year, but made it clear he would be oversseing the implementation of the tridentine reforms into Spain.
76
Why were the Tridentine reforms never fully implemented in Spain?
Disputed between Phillip and the pope undermined the Tridentine reforms. Phillip was commited to christianity, but wanted it to develop under his leadership and direction - not the popes
77
In what ways were the tridentine reforms not succesful?
- The powerful cathederal chapters (groups of clerics) resented the new power that bishops had over them
- The ordinary clergy were reluctant to commit to reform so few seminars and training sessions went ahead
- regular meetings of clergy did not take place
- In vast areas of the country the population stuck to their local traditions and resisted all official orders to ban them.
78
In what ways were the tridentine reforms succesful?
- The caliber of bishops improved (although they often spent little time in their diocese)
- Gaspar de Quiroga was an exemplar bishop who set an example in his personal life, promotion of education and welfare policies and worked to improve the standard of the Clergy.
- Administrative changes occured with a new archdiosce established at Burgos and a number of new diocese set up to avoid previous overlaps.
79
What piece of evidence shows that Phillip's aim of improving and reforming the Catholic church were unsucesful?
The inquisiton saw record numbers of complaints about many spaniard's low level of religious understanding
80
Why had Charles gotten along with the pope?
He had realised the popes importance in supporting and financing his religious campaigns.
81
What were the two key reasons there was tensions with the popes?
Phillips control of the Church
Phillip's foreign affairs
82
Why did Phillip have so much control over the Church in Spain?
Had the right to appoint and remove bishops, therefore, clergy needed to be in favour with phillip to be promotoed
all appeals to the clergy were done within spain.
The spanish inquisition was heavily under his control
Phillip was adamant the pope should not interfere with Phillip's rights over the church
83
What caused relations with the pope to reach crisis point in 1559?
The case of Carranza, archbishop of Toledo
84
Explain what kickstarted the case of Carranza (archbishop of Toledo)?
The inquisitor general valdes was likely envious of Carranza's succesful career and accused him of heresy. He was quickly arrested by the inquisition as he had previously made comments that could be interpreted as heretical, he was put into prison where he remained for 7 years as Phillip and Pope Pius V argued over his case.
85
What did Pope Pious want to happen to Carranza and what did this lead to?
He wanted Carranza to be sent to rome and tried there, arguing the papal right to try Bishops and Archbishops, believing carranza would not get a fair trial in spain. The inquisiton refused and phillip supported him as he didn't want the pope to interfere with his religous authority in Spain.
86
How did the case of Carranza conclude?
Phillip eventually had to give way on the case as Pope Pious V withheld assent to the renewal of the Cruzada tax that year. Carranza was sent to rome after 10 years of delays and was released after admitting to minor mistakes.
87
How did Phillip assert his control over the pope?
He asserted his right in the final say in how the tridentine reforms were implemented in Spain,
In 1567 he ignored Pius V edict banning bull fights
In 1572, Phillip banned his subjects from appealing to Rome.
88
What foreign issues did Phillip and the Pope clash over?
- Which methods to use to support catholicism in Spain and to deal with Elizabeth in England
- Pope Paul IV accepted Henry IV as king of France when Phillip was fighting him.
89
Who founded the Jesuit order?
Ignatious of Loyla
90
What debt did Phillip inherit from Charles?
A debt of 20 million ducats
in addition to the liability of Juros
91
How did Phillip immediately deal with his inherited debt?
In 1557, Phillip was forced to suspend payments to all creditors, and agreeing to substituite them at a lower rate of interest with juros bearing 5% interest. TMT he could still recieve loans to fund his ambitions as he had not refused to pay his debts
92
Where did Phillip get most of his money from?
Most came from Castille or the new world. Territories were unwilling to be assist as they were experiencing inflation.
93
What were the areas of state expenditure in Peace time?
- Cost of administering centeral and local government
- Funding central courts of justice
- repaying loans and bankers
- Funding the royal household (which he had limited success in bringing down)
94
Where did Phillip increase/spend the most domestically?
Phillip increased spending most in the public sphere, spending lots on on works of art as well as artifacts across his empire.
95
List examples of how Phillip spent more money on the public sphere?
To boost the reputation of Spain and its monarchy, Phillip commissioned artist Titian to paint various portraits of the King which he displayed in the new palaces he built, like the Escorial palace outside Madrid.
96
How did Phillip reduce his administration costs?
- Major office holders were grandees, so many like the Duke of Alba spent their own personal money in the service of the king.
- Very few were paid salaries to avoid corruption and those who were were payed very little
Nominal spending reduced but due to inflation, it went up in real terms.
97
How much did Phillip's military expenditure increase by?
1556: Military spending under 2 million ducats
1598: Military spending under 10 million Ducats (5x)
98
what are 3 of Spain's military expenditures?
- Armada costed 900,000 doctors a month
- 21 million spent in Low countries
- 20 million in France
99
How successful was Phillip in raising finance in all parts of his empire?
Castille and the New world were succesful, but the rest of empire could not sustain itself economically - including Aragon
100
Why did phillip get less income from the Netherlands?
The Netherlands had been a vital source of income for charles, but after many states srevolted against Phillip's rule in 1570s, they refused to send any money. As the revolt grew, he had to invest even more into the area.
101
How did Phillip raise finance from Castile?
- regularly obtained large subsidios from the Castilian Cortes
- The Alcbala tax was triple under Phillip, gaining 17% more revenue
- After the Failure of the Armada in 1588, the Castilian Cortes agreed to a millones tax that was wholly unpopular as it hit the poorest the hardest, adding a tax to wine, vinegar, meat and oil
- The receipts on customs duties doubled with new duties on salt. The customs duties tripled in Spain and Quadrupled in Seville
- Phillip regained control of customs houses, which meant the crown recieved customs duties directly instead via tax farmers
102
How did Phillip raise finance from the Church?
- The amount raised from the Cruzada tax doubled
- The existing subsidio and tithe payments increased their yield
- A new tax - the excusado - was granted by the pope in 1567 and a tax on clerical houses
it was 20% of the crown's total income
103
How did Phillip raise finance from the New world?
- The crown was entitled to 1/5 of all new worlds minerals, meaning they generated 65 million ducats from gold and silver throughout their reign
- By 1600, income from the new world increased fourfold (4x) and made up 20% of all of the crown's total income
this helped to pay spain's increasingly expensive wars
104
What additional financial reforms took place under Phillip?
- Financial departments of government reformed to make them more efficient and make sure more money went to Phillip
- Attempts were made to reduce those in public offices from getting excessive financial bonuses, but this led to bribery and corruption
105
How much borrowing did Phillip do?
Phillip could not meet his expenses and left long term debts of 68 million ducats to his successors -> 3x what he had inherited.
106
Why was Spain's economy becoming increasingly unstable?
Spain had become much more integrated into a larger economic network which meant Phillip had much less direct control over his economy -> worsened by the lack of economic expertise on the council of finance
107
What increased Spain's reliance on grain imports?
The growing influence of the Mesta who made more of Spain's economy arable agriculture
108
What were phillip's two main priorities regarding foreign policy?
* Upholding and expanding the empire he inherited, making sure he gave his succesor his inheritance undiminished
* Adhere to the catholic faith
109
What were the weaknesses of spanish foreign policy when Phillip inherited the crown?
* Religious threats of preotestantism
* THe Netherlands were vulnerable asthey were near the protestnat strongholds in Germany
* The 'spanish road' (land route between Genoa and Spain had to remain open at all times, therefore had to maintain good relations with all landowners
* Intense rivalry with the turks in the med
* Concerns about domestic seccurity and the need of fortifying the frontiers of gibraltar and navarre
* Empire was run from Madrid, so phillip didn't know if he was being told the turth
* Took many days for info to travel across the empire
* Phillip did not inherit all the lands of Charles, the title of HRE and the Habsburg family lands went to his Brother, Ferdinand
110
What were the threats facing spanish foreign policy?
* Roman catholicism needed to be protected from Islam and protestantism
* The Netherlands was inbetween the protesant states of Germany and england as well as Spain's traditional enemyFrance, Phillip had to protect the land routes to it
* Sea routes to other parts of the empire were rough and often swarmed with pirates
* A constant watch was kept on Moriscos and conversos, to prevent them from converting back to hteir religion, and it had to be ensured protestant ism ddid not enter the peninsula
111
What event sparked the opportunity for Phillip to annex Portugal?
In 1557, King Sebastian of Portugal had been tempted by a succesion dispute in Morrocco and he sailed there with other notables in 1558. The moors there were reinforced with andalusian moriscos and Sebastian died, with other nobles captured.
111
What were the other claims to the portugese throne?
As Sebastian had no direct heir, Cardinal Henry was the strongest claimant and was left regent by Sebastian and he ruled until his death in 1580 (he was 66 and unfit to rule)
112
Explain how Cardinal Henry contributed to Phillip annexing Portugal?
Before his death in 1580 he supported Phillip - his nephew - to become King.
113
What meant it was easier to annex Portugal?
* Portugal was drained of Money and much of the ruling class was dead or in capitivty and could not withstand a succession crisis
* Despite prexisting tensions, Phillip took advantage of his mother being part of the Portugese royal family.
* Phillip used a Portugese ambassador Cristoball de Moura to gain the trust of the portugese people
* The two main contenders for the throne the prior of Cato and the Duchess of Bragancia failed to unite.
114
Why did Phillip want to annex the Portugal?
* There was a finaancial motive, so that the two imperial economies could unite their respective resources - Spain had gold and silver, Potugal had pepper and spices in the East indies TMT many advisers supported the annexation
115
WHat methods did Phillip use to annex Portugal?
* Phillip was decisive in his Leadership, and Cristoball De Moura lay the groundwork for succession
* A propoganda campaign clearly outlined the benefits
* eventually bribery or promises of office was used to convince any wavering portugese
* Phillip exploited the procrastination of the Portugese Cortes
* Eventually used a show of force, when the Duke of Alba led 37,000 soldiers across the border in 1580 and the duke of Medina sedonia's fleet.
116
Why was a mobilisation of Spanish troops across the border to portugal neccessary?
Another contender to the throne - the prior of Cato - had siezed the royal palace in lisbon
The Duke of Alba was cautious and diplomatic, threatening his army if they pillaged the countryside.
117
When was Phillip accepted as King of Portugal?
In April 1581, The Portugese Cortes acknowledged Phillip as King
118
How did Phillip Consolidate power in Portugal?
* Went on a peace offensive with the help of portugese jesuit, who had significant influence in Portugal and had advised cardinal Henry
* Won over the powerful Braganca family by appointing the duke of Braganca as the constable of Portugal
* Phillip also helped the ransom of Portugese nobles, held for ransom in Morocco, including Bragancas heir, the Duke of Barcelos
* Phillip promised to consolidate portugese rights and customs and only appoint Portugese nationals into high offiices
* Promised never to hold Cortes outside of Portugal
* Never legislate on foreign affairs in a foreign assembly
* Country would only be garrisoned by Portugese soldiers (Army withdrew)
* Portugese would maintain control of any of the commerceof their empire which would be goverened by Portugal
* Declared Portugese taxes would be spent on Portugese need and not any Castilian objectives.
119
Was there any opposition to Phillip consolidating power in Portgual?
Much of the lower clergy and urban population opposed it, but they lacked direction
120
Explain what Phillip did to govern portugal after he consolidated power?
Phillip stayed in Lisbon from 1580 - 1583, appointing Archduke Albert of Austria as his representative untik 1593. He was then replaced by 4 portugese nobles and Cristoball De moura (who was Viceroy) and Phillip sensibly left most of his courtiers and ministers in Castille and estblished a royal council of Portugal to facillitate the preservation of Royal authority
121
WHo was Cristoballl De Moura and and what did he do?
Cristoball De Moura was Phillip's portugese advisor and lay the groundwork for his Succession in Portugal, He was later appointed Viceroy of Portugal in 1593.
122
What were the advantages of the annexation of Portugal?
* Gave Castile greater security and prosperity, esp. with the abolition of customs barriers in 1582
* Phillip gained the 2nd largest empire in the world, controlling Brazil, west Africa, the Azores and East indies
* The portugese empire had rallied armies to phillip with little opposition
* The spanish inherited vast numbers of Atlantic ports inluding the deep water poort at Lisbon which could accomodate for massive
fleets
* Gained control of the Experienced Portugese navy, consisting of 12 fighting galleons and a large atlantic fllet
* The Iberian peninsula was now united under onle Ruler for the first time in 9 centuries
123
What were the disadvantages of the annexation of Portugal?
Although the Empire was vast, it added little to the crown's revenue due to the costs of defending all the lands.
124
What were intial relations like between Portugal and England?
In the early years of Phillips reign there were cordial relations between the countries
125
Explain evidence that relationships between Portugal and England were cordial?
- Phillip was married to Mary Tudor when he succeeded the throne and was in title only, the king of England
- English troops assisted troops had assisted Spain in a war against France at the battle of st Quentin 1557, but the English lost Calais here, and many blamed Phillip
- relations were cordial even after Elizabeth succeeded the throne, with Phillip personally stepped in to stop the pope from excummunicsting here in 1561, this is mainly because he did not want Mary Queen of Scots to get in the throne, as she had close links to France and there was the threat of an Anglo french alliance
- Phillip also asked for Elizabeth's hand in marriage
126
Why are the two general reasons that tensions start to rise between England and Spain?
England became to consider itself the protector of Protestantism in Europe, causing them to get involved in the Netherlands
England also wanted to participate in the new world trade, creating conflict with Phillips two key territories
127
When did formal diplomatic relations between Spain and England end?
In 1584 formal diplomatic relations ended when Spanish ambassador Bernardino de Mendoza was expelled after being accused of being complicit in the throckmorton plot that attempted to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots
This was cemented by Elizabeth's signing of the treaty of Nonsuch in 1585 with the United provinces (Netherlands) further deteriorated further
128
Why did Anglo Spanish relations begin to deteriorate?
- Francis Drakes circumnavigation if the globe 1576-1581 sized Spanish treasure, and Elizabeth knighted him
- in 1587 the duke of alba arrived in the Netherlands and worried Elizabeth
- England had close links with growing protestants in the Netherlands and in 1568 confiscated Spanish ships carrying wool and money for Spanish soldiers in the Netherlands when they had to dock in England
- from the 1570s onwards, Elizabeth provided money and mercanaries to the rebels
- Phillip also sent a fleet to Ireland in an attempt to encourage revolution there as well as being involved in the throckmorton plot
129
What were the short term causes/early events of the war with Spain?
- Spain siezed all English ships in retaliation for piracy in the west indies
- the regaining of Antwerp in 1585 and the assassination of William of orange's assassination made it seem as if the Netherlands would remain under Spanish rule, meant that Elizabeth was worried Spain would come after England next
- in 1585 the treaty of Nonsuch sent 6000 solduersc and more money to the revolutionaries and in 1586 she sent the English army, spurring Phillip into action
130
What is the treaty of Nonsuch?
The 1585 treaty of Nonsuch sent 6000 solduerscandcmire money to the revolutionaries and in 1586 she sent the English army, spurring Phillip into action
131
What were the results of the failure of the Spanish armada 1588?
15,000 men died
60 out of 130 ships lost
Phillip could not break the English alliance in the Netherlands nor invade it, but Phillip persisted and Phillip built further armadas to invade Ireland and second armada was sent to England in 1597 and also failed
The war dragged in from 1585 and 1604
132
What were the key events that meant Spain was able to become eclipse French power?
1557 battle of St quentin
1559 Treaty of Cateu Cambresis
death of Henry II and the short successions of Francis (guise family) and then Charles IX
The massacre of calvanists at Vassy in 1562 starts the French wars of religion
133
Explain the early successes of Phillip's foreign policy in France?
Phillip saw foreign policy success at the battle of St Quentin in 1557, leading the treaty of Cateu Cambresis which consolidated Spanish descendance on the Italian peninsula.
134
What was the negatives of the battle of St Quentin and the treaty of Cateu Cambresis?
France was able to consolidate their borders and reclaim Calais from England (building some resentment from the English toward Spain)
France held a series of strongholds on the borders of the low countries, in Metz, Verdun and Roul.
135
What a key turning point relating to France foreign policy?
The accidental death of King Henry II in 1559 during a jousting acident.
136
What did the death of Henry II immediately lead to?
Henry II was replaced by his young son Francis II who married mary queen of scots which essentially meant he was advised exclusively by the catholic Guise family.
He died and was replaced by the equally young Charles IX which essentially paralysed french government
137
What event sparked the start of the French wars of Religion?
The growing prevelance of calvanism grew within the nobillity and when there was a massacre of Calvanists at Vassy in 1562 starting the French wars of religion between the Catholic Guise family and protestant Bourbon family
138
Why was Spain concerned with the growing Calvanism in France?
The increasingly interconnection of the calvanists uprisings in France and Netherlands posed a serious threat, with Phillip concerned that it may enter Spain or be a menace the the Dutch revolt, particlarly with the Habsburg-Valois rivalry still fresh in the memories of both nations.
139
What event lead to the creation of the Catholic league in 1584?
THe death of the Duke of Alencon in 1584 meant that Henry Navarre - a devout calvanist was heir to the throne, leading to the formation of the catholic league.
140
What was the catholic league?
The catholic league was created in 1584, and aimed to expel heresy from France. Signed between the Catholic Guise family and Phillip.
141
What was the 1584 treaty of Joinville?
Between the Habsburgs and the Guise families, it agreed to:
- Spain would fund the catholic league
- Catholicism would be the only religion allowed in France
- In return for France ending the an alliance with the ottomans and renouncing dutch territories
142
What happened in 1589 to Henry II?
The Catholic monk Jacques Clement assasinated Henry III and was replaced by Henry IV - a devout Hugenot (french calvanist)
143
How succesful was Henry IV and his Hugenot?
It was an effective force, defeating the catholic league at the battle of Argues in 1589 and Irvy in 1590.
144
What was Phillip's key aim in France?
To ensure the French monarchy maintained its fidelity to the catholic faith
145
What did Henry IV do in July 1593?
Henry IV converts to catholicism an this is validated by the pope, this wins the support of the moderate catholics known as politiques and Henry IIIs supporters
146
Why did intervention in France damage Parmas success in the Netherlands?
- in 1589, Phillip orders Parma to make the survival of the catholic league his key priority, causing him to miss an opportunity to take control of Holland and Zeeland
- 60.7million ducats had been sent to the low countries, 75% of which was sent to French expeditions
147
What was Phillip's most damaging mistake in French foreign policy?
In 1593, despite Henry's conversion to catholicism, Phillip promoted the ascension of his Daughter Isabella Clara Eugena to the French throne to make France a vassal state of Spain. She was daughter of Elisabeth of Valois Henry's niece
148
What does Phillip's promotion of Isabella Clara Eugena on the French throne suggest about his ambition?
It suggests Phillip's foreign policy ambitiions went unchecked as he had already achieved his aim of ensuring France maintained its fidelity to the Catholic faith. He went beyond the mere defence of his own territorial borders and drew attention away from the momentum gained in the Netherlands, sacrificed for a futile policy of imperialism in France
149
What did Henry do in retalliation to Phillip promtoing Isabella Clara Eugena to the Throne?
Once Henry had regained control of Paris and the rest of the country in 1594, he declared war on Spain in 1595.
150
Explain the Events of the war with France?
Spain quickly made intial gains in Calais in 1595 and Amiens in 1597, the army was overextened, and they lost earlier gains in Toulouse and Marseilles.
Maurice of Nassau could launch and offensive against Parma in the Netherlands in 1596.
The war was debillitating on both sides and peace became advantageous for both sides, leading to the treaty of Vervins.
151
How did external nations impact the Franco Spanish war?
Elizabeth I signed a treaty with Henry IV, offering 2,000 and financial support. More importantly in 1596, England, France and the United Provinces (netherlands) established the triple alliance which isolated Spain triple alliance.
152
What did the Franco Spanish war lead to economically?
Caused Phillip to declare his 4th Bankruptcy in november 1596.
153
What was the Treaty of Vervins?
The Treaty of Vervins (1598) reiterated the terms of cateu cambresis, returning borders to their 1559 selves, Spain lost gains in Calais, Brittany and Picardy, gaining very little in return.
154
What were the successes of Phillip in France?
- Phillip did place a catholic leader on the Throne
- Parma did have limited success on his first expeditions into France
155
What were the failures of Phillip in France?
- Diverted 75% of the 60 million ducats sent to the low countries
- Parma was forced to make the survival of the catholic league his main priority in 1589, stopping the potential decontrol of Zeeland, Holland and Utrecht.
- Attempts to put first daughter Isabella Clara Eugene on the Throne result in a war with France that lead to Phillips 4th and final bankruptcy in 1596
- Protestantism remains prevalent in France
- Loss of some gained territories in the treaty of Vervins
- Encourages the creation of the Triple alliance which isolates Spain diplomatically
156
What were Phillip's 3 main areas of Foreign policy in Italy?
The Duchy of Milan
The Kingdom of Naples
Sicily
157
Why did Phillip set up a council to govern Italy?
He had only ever visited Milan, therefore making it essential that he relied on his deputies to deal with the region
158
What suggests that control over Italy was a priority for Phillip?
He appointed influential secretaries to the area like Gabriel de Zayas and competent representatives like Antonio Perez was chief secretary and Granvelle was viceroy of Naples from 1571-1575
159
Who were the 3 Itallian represntatives to the Spanish throne?
- Duke of Savoy
- Andrea Doria
- Ferrante Gonzaga
160
Why was the Duchy of Milan important for spain?
- Substantial production of Armaments
- The Military unit of the Spanish army the tercios and the core of Albas army was made up of many milanese people
- Strategically important position as it had the 'Spanish road' which linked the Med and Northern Europe (Genoa to Spanish Netherlands) Also linked to Swiss lands strengthening ties with Austrian Habsburgs
161
How succesful was Phillip in the Duchy of Milan?
given its Military and strategical importance, Phillip appointed competent governors to avoid any political issues in milan - they were told to adhere to the senates and supreme court of law and this was overwhelmingly succesful
162
Why was the Kingdom of Naples important to Spain?
It was an important strategical position against the Ottomans and was also the richest and most populated of the Italian provinces
163
How succesfully was Spanish rule in Italy?
The Viceroys in Naples faced minimal opposition even with taxation increases, the only riots were over bread prices in 1585, and they quickly became peaceful by the duke of Osuma. Fearing a repeat of the Netherlands could happen, the duke of Osuma was firm in his response executing 20 and exilling 300.
Nonetheless, peace was kept due to the ottoman threat with nobles keeping their own personal militas in preparation for corsair raids
164
Why was Sicily important to spain?
Sicily was essential because it was on the frontline to the ottmans
165
How succesful was Spanish rule in Sicily?
In Sicily, Parliament was more resistant so Spanish Nobles attempted to refoorm the Great court of Sicily and employing Spanish Jurists. But through Diplomacy, Spain improved its position in Sicily acting as an invaluable base for its med campaigns
166
Overall, how did Spain benefit from the Italian provinces?
- Facillitated Med expeditions and abillity to mobilise forces
- In April 1559, the treaty of Cateu Cambresis meant Henry II had no claims to Italian lands
- Savoy and Piedmont were restored their Duke who was an ally to the Spanish Habsburgs
- France also lost Islands of Corsica to Genoa, another habsburg ally
167
What were the thoughts of the Italian people under Spanish rule?
They were mostly satisfied with Spanish rule as they brought peace and stabillity - acting as a strong ally against the Ottomans.
168
How united was the entirety of Spain against the Ottomans?
The Genoese as an ally greatly benefitted the Spanish with Andrea Doria's military leadership. All of Phillip's Itallian territories remained united against the ottomans, but the independent states were harder to unite. Venice was mostly against going to war with the Ottoman's as they had a strong trade deal, having to balance allies in the west, with its commercial relations in the east. But after 1570 when the Ottomans invaded Cyprus Venice was united against the ottomans, especially when Spain offered supplies of grain to Venetia.
169
What were Phillip's two main aims in the Netherlands?
- Ensure firm government in the Netherlands, where his rights as ruler are protected
- Ensuring the protection of Catholicism in the Netherlands
170
What are the four 'periods' of rule in the Netherlands under Phillip?
- Margaret of Austria and actions at the start of Phillip's reign from 1559-1567
- The Duke of Albas policy of firmness from 1567-1573
- The Softening of the policy under Resquesens in 1573-1578
- Victory in the south under the Duke of Parma in 1578-1592
171
Who was the governor general of the Netherlands from 1559-1567 and what were the key events under them?
Margaret of Austria key events:
- Inner advisory council
- Garrison of Spanish troops left in Netherlands
- Phillip increased the number of bishops from 4-18, and increased size and power of the inquisition
- the 1566 Iconclastic Fury
172
Who was the governor general of the Netherlands from 1567-1573 and what were the key events under them?
The Duke of Alba key events:
- Harsh response to the iconclastic fury -> THe council of troubles sentenced 1,000 to death
- Introduction of a tenth penny (10%) tax
- Large areas of Northern Netherlands in revolt (Holland and Zeeland) led by William of Orange
173
Who was the governor general of the Netherlands from 1573-1578 and what were the key events under them?
Resquesens key events:
- Offers some concessions but they are limited due to Phillip
- Dies in 1576
- Unpaid and Mutinous soldiers begin attacking loyal southern cities like Antwerp in the 'Spanish Fury'
Don John key events:
- Perpetual edict of 1577 offers concessions and withdrawal of troops, but they are quickly recalled back after calvanists attack
174
Who was the governor general of the Netherlands from 1578- 1592 and what were the key events under them?
The Duke of Parma key events:
- Reclaims southern states, with Farnese recovering all states except Holland Zeeland and Utrecht
- England becomes involved in the treaty of Nonsuch
- Farnese has to wait for the Spanish Armada from 1586-1587 so Medina sidonia can pick up troops
- By 1590, Parma is ordered to make the survival of the catholic league his priority, and attention is drawn away from the Netherlands
- The momentum Farnese had built is lost when he dies in 1592
- In 1596, Phillip Declares his 4th and final bankruptcy
175
What were Phillip's 3 Key mistakes at the start of his reign in the Netherlands?
- Inner Advisory council that supported centerally ran government
- Leaves a garrison of Spanish troops in the Netherlands
- Increases the number of Bishops in the Netherlands and the power of the Inquisition
176
Why was the Inner advisory council Phillip set up in the Netherlands a mistake?
- THe inner advisory council was made up of 3 supporters of centrally run government, creating anger among the Nobles (especially William of Orange) who feared that federalism would lead to a loss of traditional power, as well as go against the political traditions of the Netherlands, where all states were equal under Majority rule.
177
Why was the appointment of Margaret of Austria as governor general from 1559-1567 arguable a mistake?
Margaret (Phillip's half sister) had spent most of her time in Italy and was not well versed in Dutch affairs
178
Why did Phillip leaving a garrison of Spanish troops within the Netherlands increase tensions?
Although they were quickly removed, there were fears they would come back and reimpose spanish authority over the country
179
How did Phillip create antagonism over religious policies in the Netherlands?
He increased the number of Bishops in the Netherlands from 4->18 increasing his own control of the Dutch church as he could appoint bishops
Firmer attempts to deal with the growing protestant threat were made - caussing the iquisition to grow in size and power with further edicts against calvanism being issued
180
WHat was Calvanism?
It was a more extreme branch of Calvanism created by John Calvin, which prioritised issues of organisation as well as belief
181
What did Phillip's early actions in the Netherlands lead to?
The 1566 'iconclastic fury' where Calvanists rioted and seriously damaged catholic churches before Phillip's concessions had reached the Netherlands
182
What was Phillip's response to the 1566 Iconclastic Fury?
Despite Margaret seemingly having things back under control, he was outraged about what had been done to 'our lord and saviour' and gave advice to the Duke of Albas to firmly deal with the Netherlands.
183
What was done in the Duke of Albas policy of firmness?
Alba set up a council of troubles which sentenced over 1,000 people to death for their involvement in the iconclastic fury
Phillip ordered Alba to obtain money from the Netherlands, meaning Alba introduced a 10% tenth penny sales tax
This led to a second outbreak of reblllion and by 1572, most of the Northern Netherlands was in full scale revolt.
184
How did Resquesens 'soften the policy' in the Netherlands?
He offered concession but they were limited by Phillip as he said on the matters of religion or his ruling authority he was 'not to give an inch'
185
How did Don John 'soften the policy' in the Netherlands?
He made further concession upon ihis arrival in the perpetual edict of 1577 that included the withdrawal of all troops from the country - but the terms of the treaty were broken by the Calvanists forcing Don John to recall the troops.
186
What was the Spanish Fury?
In 1576, SPanish troops in the Netherlands were Hungry, unpaid and mutinous leading to a serious escalation of the revolt as they attacked and pillaged many loyal southern states like Antwerp.
This caused many southern states to revolt with the north as it seemed Spain was not protecting them
187
Why was the Duke of Parma (Alexander Farnese) so succesful in the Netherlands?
He was a skilled strategist, who had been instrumental at the battle of Lepanto and showed a good knowledge of all the Dutch issues
188
How did Farnese win back the southern states?
He won back the southern staets by convincing them they had more to fear from the Calvanists than spain.
189
How succesful was Parma initially in the Netherlands?
By 1585, Farnese had recovered all states excpet Holland, Utrecht and Zeeland, with the assasination of William of Orange in 1584, it looked like the Netherlands would be pacified
190
What events meant that Farnese failed to retake the Northern Netherlands?
- England's involvement in the war
- The Decisions phillip took that diverted attention and funding away from the Netherlands
191
How did England become involved in the Dutch revolt?
In 1585 Elizabeth officially singed the treaty of Nonsuch which supplied the rebels with 7,400 men and financial aid, helping them to resist Spanish rule
192
How did the Armada limit Farnese's success in the Netherlands?
In 1585, Phillip decided the enterprise of England must go ahead, for two vital years (1586-1587) Parma could not fight in the Netherlands as he waited for the Duke of Medina Sidonia to arrive so his troops could be taken to England. TMT Parma missed an opprutinity to retake the North.
193
How did Phillip's decisions in France limit Farnese's success in the Netherlands?
In 1590, Parma was ordered to make the survival of the Catholic league his priority as they were trying to prevent Henry Navarre becoming king
This drew funding away from the Netherlands and stopped momentum Farnese had built.
194
What were the reasons Phillip failed to defeat the rebels in the Netheralnds?
- Involvement of Foreign countries
- Lack of resources
- Phillip's governors
- Phillip himseld (in an essay weave this reason throughout the other reasons
195
What did the Dutch revolt lead to Economically?
Phillip's fourth and final bankruptcy in 1596
196
What did Philips bakruptcy in 1596 mean for Phillip's approach to the Netherlands?
Because of the Bankruptcy, Phillip had to stop his campaign against the rebels and gave his daughter Isabella Clara Eugena and her husband Archduke Albert in hopes that if he seperated the Netherlands from the rest of the empire they would eventually unite.
197
What was the situation in the Netherlands like at the end of Phillip's reign?
By the time of his death, the Northern states were clearly a distinct soverign body known as the United Provinces that were completely unprepared to give up the independence they had fought for.
198
What were the economic reasons that meant attempts to deal with the Netherlands failed?
- A lack of money meant that Alba was not sent enough money leading to the tenth penny tax
- Spain could not pay troops leading to the Spanish fury that escalated the scale of the revolt
- Lack of resources due to his other foreign policy expeditions that inadequate quantities of resources could be sent to netheralnds
199
What were all the reasons Phillip failed in the Netherlands?
- Phillips hesitations, delays and lack of knowledge as well as his failure to compromise
- Decision to prioritise France and England
- Invlolvement of Foreign countries
- Difficulty of warfare in Holland
- Lack of resources
- Lack of money
- Lack of concentration of forces
200
How much money sent to the low countries was diverted to France?
75% of the 60 million ducats sent to low countries were diverted to France
201
why was Phillip's decision making ineffective?
Phillip reiled on contradictory sources of evidence as the government was centralised in madrid
- 'As I do not know the truth of the matter, I cannot suggest a remedy'
202
How did the Dutch Revolt affect Spanish finances from 1556 -1654 (Income from the new world vs expenditure on the Netherlands)?
Income from the new world was 121 million ducats, whereas expenditure on the Netherlands was 218 million Ducats
203
Explain the new world territories that were added to Spain's empire under Phillip?
- Consquistadors ventured further south from paraguay establishing Buenos Aires in 1580
- The Phillippines (named after Phillip) were taken over with little opposition in 1565
- Portugal's overseas empire was added to Spain's in 1580
204
What made passage across the Atlantic difficult for Phillip?
- Attacks on treasure ships increased, with the emergence of England in the New world as well as French Privateers who attempted to establish a colony in Florida
205
How did Phillip attempt to increase the safety of Spanish ships crossing the Atlantic?
- A convoy system was created was made to protect the twice yearly treasure ships, it was expensive but succesfull and solidified spanish dominance in the Atlantic
- Portugal also helped policie the atlantic giving SPain an additional base on the Azores
- In 1585, smaller well armed ships designed to outrun others were succesful along the atlantic route
206
WHat suggests Phillip's attempts to increase the safety of passage across the atlantic worked?
During the 16th century, no complete treasure ship was captured, the only losses were scattered ships that had lost the main convoy were captured.
207
Why was it difficult for the council of Indies to import Spanish government into the new world?
The sheer distance, and the difficulties of ruling a population unfamilliar with European rule.
208
Why was the appointment of Viceroys in the New World succesful?
Viceroys were carefully selected from men of abillity with the archbishop of Toledo's appointment proving incredibly succesful.
209
Explain how the appointment of the Archbishop of Toledo to the New world was succesful?
In 1569, he was appointed the viceroy of Peru he:
- Brought peace and prosperity to the area
- Reformed the administrative and legal systems
- Increased the output of the potosi silver mine and mercury mines of Huancavelica
210
What attempts were made to improve the treatment of the Indian population?
Ordinances in 1573 attempted to prevent violence against Indians, but like previous laws these had little effect on their well being
211
How was religion implemented into the New world under Phillip?
From 1568 Jesuits arrived in the new world to spread christianity. The 1573 ordinances allowed missionaries to establish small settlements to help their works - missionarism increased greatly from the 1580s onwards
212
How did the new wrold impact spain socially/technologically?
Lead to necessary developments in map making, geography and improvements in technical processes like mining.
Phillip funded an expideition to study the plants and animals of the new world with other books like the History of the things of New spain being published
213
How did the New world impact spain economically?
In 1545, Potosi silver mines deposits meant more silver was carried to Spain (encouraging the building of more ships - esp. on the Basque coast)
Bullion imports increased by 3x from 1560-1590
Made some indivaiduals exceedingly rich
214
How much did the value of bullion imports increase from 1560-1590?
From 1560-1590 the value of bullion imported increased by 3x
215
What is a drawback of the new world on Spain economically?
Much of the Bullion imported was used to pay foreigners for Debt repayments or for the cost of goods which meant underlying problems with the incoming wealth persisited despite the veneer of prosperity.
216
What were the three main aspects that contributed to the 'golden age' of Spain (Social and cultural developments)
- The influence of the inquisition
- New universities and printing press industry
- New ideas and intellectual movements
217
How did the inquisition inhibit social developments?
The Spanish index of forbidden books, the requirement of a license to publish a book, and the fact bookshops and libraries were subject to searches appplied substaintial pressuer to authors
218
What is an example of a book impacted by the Spanish inquisition?
Cervantes' 'Don Quioxte' had sections of chapter 36 ommitted because it contained the lutheran doctorine of sola fide
219
What suggests that the Spanish inquisition's reputation of censorship was not as harsh as initially seemed?
Unlike other European countries, books could still be published as long as offending sections were removed
220
What Spanish inquisition decree does Elliot argue contributed to the social isolation and damage the intellectual life of Spain?
In 1559, a decree was passed that forbade Spanish students from studying abroad, although many were still found in Dutch and Italian universities anyway
221
What new Universities were established under Phillip?
- Baeza 1565
- Orihiuela 1568
- Tarragona 1572
222
What evidence suggests the Spanish printing industries was also thriving?
- The Spanish presses published 74 editions and 54 reprints of scientific treatises between 1561-1610
- The Royal Escorial library in the Escorial palace contained over 14,000 volumes by 1598
223
What book was published widely all over Europe and Spain?
Jose De Acostas 'Natural and moral history of the indies'
224
What development paved the way for future astronomical studies?
Juan Lopez's observation of a solar eclipse in Spain and the Americas
225
What did the influx of bullion lead to socially and culturally?
The construction of monumental architecture and decorative arts
226
What industries saw important works published in them?
Astronomy, tropical medicine, navigation, mineralogy, metallurgy and mining
227
How did Phillip himself contribute to the social and cultural developments of Spain?
- Established a research centre in Madrid
- Appointed 3 founding professors to a new academy of mathematics in Madrid
228
Who was Juan Bautista Lavana and how did he contribute to social and cultural developments?
- Portugese cartographer given 400 ducats a week to undertake research on cartography, geography, topography and mathematics
229
Who was Felix Lope De Vega Carpio and how did he contribute to social and cultural developments?
Made the three act play 'the regular form' and completed over 1,800 dramatic works
230
What were Phillip's main aims in the Netherlands?
- Maintain control over the Netherlands so that it could effectively communicate with Italian domains and scattered North African outposts
- Wanted to limit the Sultans westward expansion of the Mediterranean
231
Why was the start of Phillip's reign the opportune moment to intervene in the Mediterranean?
After the peace of Cateu Cambresis with France in 1559
232
What were the two main reasons the Ottomans were feared in Spain?
- Their powerful elite corps of Janissaries
- Their association with North African Barbary states which increased their influence in the Western Med
233
Why were the ottomans powerful in the Med at the start of Philip's reign?
- The ottomans could wreak havoc on Italian and Spanish coasts
- The ottoman Janissaries would work in concentrated squadrons, contrasting to phillip's expansive foreign policy that had become subordinated to distant imperial objectives
- Med policy was neglected and the spanish only survived because of winters where they could not be attacked for prolonged periods
234
What was the style of Philip's foreign policy at the start of his reign toward the ottomans?
Initally Philip launched an offensive foreign policy, launching an expedition to Tripoli in 1559
235
How succesful was the 1559 expedition to Tripoli?
Parker describes it as a 'catastrophic miscalculation' with not enough resources to achieve their goals. They only briefly captured the island of Djerba.
236
What were the spanish losses at the 1559 expedition to Tripoli?
Spain lost 42/80 vessels and 18,000 men
237
Why was the 1559 Tripoli expedition a failure?
- It took 6 months to assemble the Spanish fleet, negating the element of surprise
- Ottomans noticed the high concentration of Ships in Sicily, prompting them to reinforce Tripoli
- Piali Pasha's leadership assertively defeated the Spanish
238
What happened in 1560 relating to the Ottomans?
Barbarossa's succesor Dragut blockaded naples with 35 ships
238
What happened in 1560 relating to the Ottomans?
Barbarossa's succesor Dragut blockaded naples with 35 ships
239
How did Philip's FP to the ottomans change after Tripoli and Naples in early 1560s and why was this?
He abandoned aggresive expeditions and became defensive, allowing Spain to buildup its naval resources - this was neccesitated by his preocupation with the moriscos revolt and the Netherlands
240
How succesful was the buildup of the Spanish navy in the early 1560s?
Very, it proved effective when the Algerian onslaught of Oran was repelled in 1563
241
What happened in 1565 relating to the Ottomans?
Malta was invaded by the ottomans
242
Why was Malta well protected?
The foresight of Jean Parisot de la Valette (former governor of Tripoli) had transformed the grand harbour to one of the most heavily defended Medierranean outposts - it had 9,000 knights
243
How many ottomans invaded Malta?
30,000 soldiers on 180 ships
244
How did the Maltese siege end?
the siege of Malta lasted 4 months, ending when the viceroy of Naples Don Garcia de Toledo offered support
245
What did the siege of malta lead to?
Stunted potential westward expansion for the ottomans
Intensified ship building programmes in spain
246
What happened on May 20th 1571 relating to the Ottomans?
THe Holy league was created between the papacy, venice, Spain and Genoa
247
How did the creation of the holy league influence Philip's foreign policy toward the ottomans?
Following the creation of the holy league in 1571, the foreign policy became more aggresive
248
How big was the Christian fleet of the Holy league?
Largest Christain fleet, 208 galleys, 108 sailing ships, 50,000 troops and 4,500 light cavalry
249
What did the holy league benefit from in 1571 ?
- Protestant England distracted by revolts and plots
- Duke of Alba has the Netherlands under relative control
- Excellent leaders collaborated willingly and effectively
- The holy league had 6 ventian Galleasses
250
Who were the leaders of the holy league?
Don John of Austria (spain)
Marc antonia Colonna (papal states)
Sabastiano Venier (Venice)
251
What happened to the Ottomans at the battle of Lepanto (Key stats)?
- 110 galleys sunk
- 20-30,000 killed
- High admiral Ali Pasha killed
- 15,000 christian galley slaves liberated
252
What happened to the holy league at the battle of Lepanto (Key stats)?
- only 12 galleys lost
- around 9,000 died
- 21,000 wounded
253
What were the consequences of the battle of Lepanto?
- Marked the end of Ottoman superirity in the MEd
- Ottomans discouraged from westward expansion as they had lost a battle fought in a location of their choosing (Gulf of patras)
- Triggered Ottoman revolts in Greece and Albania drawing attention away from Med
- Cervantes believed it taught the world that the turks 'were not invincible at sea'
254
In what ways the battle of Lepanto not a complete success for the Spanish?
- Did not fundementally alter the balance of power in the MEd as large previous losses meant most holy league ships had to go back to their ports.
- The inabillity to turn a decisive naval victory into territorial gains
- Suggested the frontiers of Islam and christianity had reached their limits
- Ottoman control of Cyprus remained unchallenged
255
Why were there divisions in the holy league after the Battle of Lepanto?
Members wanted to pursue their own intreests i.e. Spain = North African territories while Venice = control of Adriatic and Aegean
in 1572Don John ordered to stop an expedition because Philip refused to use Spanish resources to aid Venice in the Eastern med by 1573
256
After the Battle of lepanto what happend with the ottomans?
Tunis was taken by spain in 1573, before being recaptured by the Ottomans in 1574
257
How did the conflict with the Ottomans fizzle out?
Both reached a military stalemate by the mid 1570s, and a succesion of truces were made in 1578,1580,1581,1584,1587
258
Why were the Ottomans too preoccupied for conflict with Spain?
- Preoccupied with Persia from 1578 onwards
- North African Corsairs were less willing to attack Spain
- A weak currency crisis
- Peasant revolts in the Anatollian Heaartlands
259
What was the ultimate outcome of Conflict with the Ottomans?
Peace had meant the strength of the Ottoman navy had deteriorated, meaning the superiority of Christian fleet in the Med was never challenged again
260
What was the main turning point during the conflict with the ottomans?
The formation of the Holy League in 1571
261
What were the Failings with the Ottomans?
- Early failings include: only surviving because of winters, 1559 invasion of Tripoli, blockade of naples
- The inabillity to make teritorial gains despite a decisive naval victory
- The splitting of the Holy league
- Ottomans retaking Tunis
262
What were the successes dealing with the Ottomans?
- Phillip abandoning aggresive policies, instead building up his navy for victories at Oran in 1563.
- The success of maintaining Malta in 1565
- Formation of the holy league
- Decisive win at the battle of Lepanto
- Series of truces throughout the 1580s
- the peace created means the strength of the Ottoman army deteriorates massively and the superiority of Christian fleets in the med is not Challenged again
