Charles I 1516 - 1556 Flashcards
1
Q
Who ruled Castile Briefly after Ferdinand’s death in march 1516, waiting for the Arrival of Charles?
A
Archbishop Cisneros acted as regent in Castile While Charles was In the Netherlands
2
Q
Who raised Charles?
A
After his father’s death in 1506, Charles was raised by his paternal aunt Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands. His spiritual guide was the theologian Adrian of Utrecht
3
Q
Who ruled Aragon Briefly after Ferdinand’s death in march 1516, waiting for the Arrival of Charles?
A
Ferdinand’s Illegitimate son
4
Q
Why did the period in-between Ferdinand and Charles’ rules cause chaos?
A
- Many Spaniards journeyed from Spain to brussels to lobby for positions of power from Charles
- Many travelled to Charles Burgundian court to criticise the rule of Cisneros’s reign
- In castile local factions vied for power and control
- Cisneros tried to introduce a citizen Militia but later went back on this due to risings against this.
5
Q
What was royal authority under Cisneros like?
A
Royal authority had all but collapsed, but Cisneros still managed to see the country safely through a time of disorder
6
Q
Who was Adrian of Utrecht?
A
Charles’ chief tutor at a young age, who became later a regent and an important adviser through his early rule, he had a great deal of influence on Charles
7
Q
When did Charles leave Netherlands for Spain?
A
In spetmeber 1517
8
Q
Why could Charles not leave the Netherlands immediately?
A
He was fearful the French may invade if he was gone for too long, before he left, he therefore established better relations with France in the Treaty of Noyon in August 1516
9
Q
Who did many Spaniards prefer to be king and why?
A
Charles’ brother Ferdinand was the preferred candidate for many, as he was born and raised in Castile - a contemporary historian wrote ‘among Spaniards no foreigner is of any importance’
10
Q
What were reasons Charles was disliked by many initially?
A
- He could not speak Spanish
- Foreigners in Spain were not liked
- Many wanted a king who would focus on Spanish interests and not other lands
- he had never visited Spain (no knowledge of Spain or its interests)
- He had an outsized jaw and a large nose, which did not portray the image of a king
- of many in his household and advisers, very few were Spanish, the Burgundian lord of chievres William de croy was his chief adviser
- Favours and important Spanish offices were offered to Burgundian lords and supporters
11
Q
What are some examples of Burgundian favouritism in Spain?
A
- William de Croy gained an important post in the government of Castile
- Adrian of Utrecht received the bishopric of Tortosa
- Most anger came from when the lord of Chievres nephew Jacques de croy (who was only 16) was given the main archbishopric in Castile, that of Toledo.
12
Q
Why were some upset about Charles being elected as HRE?
A
Many feared it would draw even more attention away from Spain.
13
Q
What did Charles have to do to become fully accepted as king?
A
He had to be acknowledged as king by all the Various Cortes.
14
Q
Why did Charles’ attempts to be accepted by the Cortes of Castile begin badly (held in Valladolid in 1518)?
A
Charles had chosen a Burgundian councillor as to be president of the Cortes, Many towns expressed their resentment at the fact a foreigner was in their Cortes, and they requested Charles further respected the laws and privileges of Castile, administer justice, remove foreigners from his service, and learn to speak Castilian.
15
Q
How did Charles gain the acceptance of the Cortes of Castile?
A
While the Cortes had little ability to force Charles to do anything, he agreed to respect the laws and traditions of Castile and in return he was granted a servicio of 600,000 Ducats without conditions.
16
Q
What happened when Charles tried to gain acceptance from the Cortes of Aragon?
A
The Cortes had much more power in Aragon than Castile, and it took along time for the Cortes to reluctantly accept him in 1519
17
Q
What happened when Charles tried to gain acceptance from the Cortes of Catalonia?
A
There were many objections to his Burgundian advisers, but they reluctantly accepted him, granting a servicio of 250,000
18
Q
What happened when Charles tried to gain acceptance from the Cortes of Valencia?
A
Charles had been delayed so long in trying to gain the acceptance of Catalonia and Aragon that he had no time to visit Valencia, as Charles while in Barcelona received news he had been elected HRE.
19
Q
What did Charles do right after he was elected HRE in order to help pay the expenses inferred in becoming HRE?
A
He called another Cortes in Santiago and later Corunna in 1520.
20
Q
Why did Charles’s attempt to raise money at the Cortes of Santiago affirm Spanish fears about him as a ruler?
A
- The choice of meeting place was isolated and remote and only chosen because of its convivence of Charles’ route for leaving the country
- No Cortes had ever met in such a remote place before
- Santiago wasn’t even allowed to send a representative to the Cortes
- The previous serivicio had been granted less than three months before
- the representatives of many towns wanted to discuss issues before giving money, but Charles bribed officials so that there would be a majority approval to the grant
21
Q
When did Charles break his promise of not appointing Foreigners?
A
Upon leaving Spain in May 1520, He appointed Adrian of Utrecht as regent in his absence.
22
Q
What did the townspeople resent?
A
The appointment of non-native officials, such as Adrian of Untrecht
23
Q
Over his reign how much time did Charles spend in Castile and Aragon?
A
6 years in Aragon, 11 in Castile
24
Q
What were the main reasons for the revolt of the communeros?
A
The Junta of Tordesillas demanded that
- Charles lived in Castile
- Brings ‘No Flemings, Frenchmen nor natives of any other country’ to fill the positions in his household
- Follow the customs of his grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella
- many were fearful that Spain would lose its identity as just another part of the empire
- Resentment towards Charles that he had asked for money twice in three years.
25
Where did most of the Communeros revolts take place?
In large urban settings.
26
How did the Rebellion start?
The Communeros revolt started when a noble in Toledo (Juan de Padilla) took command of the area and set up a government in the name of the king, queen and the comunidad (a league of Castilian towns that rebelled against Habsburg authority.
27
After Toledo revolted, what towns follwed suit?
Segovia, Salamanca, And Valladolid, the residence of the acting regent Adrian of Utrecht.
28
Who were the main supporters of the Communeros revolt?
Most supporters cam from the lower nobility and town dwellers, while more important nobles waited to see how things played out.
29
What event reduced the credibility and purpose of the revolt, it was the turning point of the revolt?
After taking Tordesillas, the Communeros attempted to gain the support of Queen Joanna, and while she seemed to support some of the Communeros when meeting with them, she did not want to commit to it on paper, as a result this left the Revolvers with nothing to claim their legality with, the y had no clear goal as they could now no longer attempt to restore a rightful monarch to spains throne.
30
Following/during the revolt of the Communeros, What concessions to Charles grant?
- The collection of the servicio granted by the Cortes of Santiago had been stopped
- No more foreigners were to be appointed in Castile
- And two Castilians (the two most important Grandees), joined Adrian as a regent.
31
What were the main factors that turned the revolt to the side of Charles?
Charles had made some concessions, so many became less willing to fight as he was listening
The character of the rebellion became more extreme and violent, causing many to withdraw support
Some demands were made for social reform, like reducing the power of the nobles and this caused many nobles to withdraw their support
32
What events marked the end of the Communeros revolts?
At the battle of Villalar in 1521, marked the official end to the revolt.
The two leaders, Juan de Padilla and Juan Bravo were both captured and executed
The Communeros lost control of most of northern Castile and only Toledo could hold on a little longer.
33
What were the impacts of the Communeros revolt?
- Many were arrested and punished in various ways, but Charles issued a general pardon
- The powers of Corregidores were increased
- Charles learned Castilian
- The unpopular William de Croy was replaced with Mercurino Gattinara, a respected counsellor of Charles mother
- Charles swore to not appoint anymore foreigners into his household
34
What was the Germania?
A Christian brotherhood of armed volunteers from poorer classes who had been set up to defend the Valencia coast from Muslim pirates.
35
What was a key difference in the character of the two revolts?
Communeros revolt = Mainly political in its aims (although turned social)
Germania revolt = Was a social revolt/uprising
36
Why were the Germania upset with the local Nobles?
They were upset at the local Muslims and the nobles had employed many of them, following the break out of plague, it was seen as a punishment for tolerating Muslims in their community. There was also anger towards the noble due to their privileges and the near starvation conditions many of the Germania lived in.
37
Why were the Germania upset with Charles?
The continuous delay of meeting the Cortes of Valencia made it seem to them like he hdid not want to remain in Spain
38
What class of People participated in the Germania revolt?
Support for the rebellion was found in mainly the middle and lower classes, but not among nobles and the wealthier clergy who were worried about social reform.
39
What started the Germania revolt?
Violence started when many Muslim peasants were murdered and forcibly baptised in the Christian faith in the Countryside around Valencia.
40
Why were the Germania able to capture Valencia relatively easily?
Many of the wealthy had moved out of the town following the outbursts of plague there, they also experienced Military success against the small number of soldiers the crown had sent to put down the revolt
41
How wide did the Germania revolt spread ?
It spread across most parts of the kingdom of Valencia, even taking control of the island of Majorca
42
Why was support for the Germania revolt lost?
The Revolt had a new leader take over, Vincent Peris, who incited violence and radicalism and demanded a wider distribution of land, this led to many members (particularly from the middle class) to withdraw their support and supporters of the Crown made gains.
43
Why was the revolt put down quickly once major support had been lost?
An army of troops Loyal to the crown and nobles defeated the ill disciplined army of the Germania by the end of 1521.
44
What were the consequences of the Germania revolt?
- Vincent Peris captured and executed
- Nobles strengthened their position
- Many rebels sentenced to death, suffered fines or had possessions confiscated
45
What were the Reasons for the defeat of the Germania revolt?
Nobility took firm action
Radicalisation of the revolt by Vincent Peris caused it to lose support
The Germania's forces were un disciplined and ill prepared
46
What were the reasons for the defeat of the Communeros revolt?
Failure to gain support from Charles's Mother Joanna
Radicalisation of the revolt caused it to lose support
Its turn to social reform caused it to lose support f the nobles
Charles made concessions
- Stopped collection of subsidy
- Two Castilians became co regent with Adrian of Utrecht
Nobility took firm action
47
What did the Germania revolt happen simultaneously to?
The Communeros revolt
48
What happened in August 1519 in the Germania revolt?
Armed mobs attacked the Inquisition in the city of Valenica for being too lenient.
49
What did the Germania revolt plan to do?
Remodel Valencia's constitution; they sent a deputation in Charles to confirm their rights
50
To what extent was royal authority re-established after the Revolts?
Yes, corregidores returned to their positions, despite how hated they were
51
What was the failure of the Communeros revolt for towns?
A serious blow to their political autonomy
52
What was decreed in 1525 after the Germania revolt?
Muslims banned from practicing Islam in Spain
53
When did Charles return to Spain following his election as HRE?
1522
54
What did each separate part of Charles' empire have?
Separate judicial, political and fiscal systems
55
What did Charles rule the empire as?
In keeping with his family, as head of a dynastic organisation
56
What did each individual kingdom expect Charles to do as a ruler?
Charles to remain there for a prolonged period of time, impossible, had to appoint family members as regents
57
What did Castilian nobles welcome?
The marriage of Charles and Isabella of Portugal in 1526
58
Describe the four new councils Charles made
- Council of War: 1522
- Council of finance: 1523
- Council of Indies: 1524
- Council of Italy: 1555
59
What became increasingly influential as Charles' reign progressed?
His secretaries
60
Who were the most preeminent bureaucrats in Charles's leadership?
Cobos and Granvelle
61
How can the Councils of Charles be divided in two?
Administrative councils and Advisory Councils
62
What were the Advisory councils of Charles?
Council of State 1526
| Council of war 1522
63
What were the Administrative councils under Charles?
```
Royal council of Castile
Council of Aragon
Council of Indies
Finance
The supreme general inquisition
```
64
What were the two Regents of Charles' Reign?
Isabella of Portugal 1529-1539
| Phillip from 1543-1556
65
What did the Council of State do?
Purpose was to advise Charles on matters concerning the government of Spain, and to deal with the decisions made by the other councils, however it had little political influence and wasn't very important as it s main purpose was to offer social distinction to members who attended.
66
Why were citizens more accepting of Charles as king when he returned in 1522?
- He looked and acted more like a self confident king
- Charles himself later admitted in a 1529 speech that there 'was no surprise there was social disturbance' with him spending so little time there (and without having an heir and unmarried)
67
What did the Advisory council of war do ?
It had mostly the same members as the council of state and its main purpose was to coordinate all the military matters concerning the crown.
68
What was the Royal council of Castile?
It was the most important council, It:
- Acted as a court off law, listening to the appeals of lower courts
- Advised the king on many matters, notably relations with Portugal
- Dealt with most of the internal affairs of Castile
69
How did Charles change the royal council of Castile?
He reduced the size of the council, making it so there were fewer nobles with ecclesiastical beliefs there and replacing them with Letrados.
70
What were the advantages and disadvantages of Charles having more Letrados?
They tended to be more reliable than the nobles, but showed less independence.
71
What was the Council of Aragon?
It dealt with the administration of Justice by acting as the highest court of law, but it was more limited than the royal council of Castile in the fact it on had some administrative functions
It helped Charles informed of the internal issues of Aragon.
72
What did the Council of Indies do?
Set up in 1524, It was given extensive control over all of Castile's American possessions and what to do with them.
73
What was the Council of Finance?
Created in 1522, it originally was supposed to manage castile's finances but it Gradually gained control over all of Spain's finance (Important in the uniting of Spain)
74
What was the Council of the supreme and general inquisition?
The council of supreme and general inquisition helped link all the kingdoms of Spain together, dealing with matters of Heresy across all of Spain.
75
In what ways was Charles's Conciliar system effective?
The System of councils became more efficient under Charles following the decision to bring in less nobles and more Letrados who were professional administrators.
76
What did Charles do with the Conciliar system that increased his support?
He only appointed Spaniards like he had promised, allowing People to be more sympathetic with him during the time he was away.
77
In what ways was the Conciliar system not effective?
They only advised Charles, they were not responsible for the implementation of decisions
Charles also seemed to make no major attempt to unite the kingdoms into a coordinated unit - as far as he was concerned he was the King of Aragon and the King of Castile
78
What were the main things the Cortes could do?
Allow new taxes
| The ability to vote or refuse money in the form of a servicio.
79
Why did Charles only summon the Cortes of Aragon six times?
He had to meet with each individual Cotes separately, and it wasn't worth it to ask them for money, as Aragon was struggling financially and one third of it had to be spent on internal purposes.
80
How many times did Charles call upon the Cortes of Castile and Aragon?
```
Aragon = 6 Times
Castile = 15 times
```
81
Why did Charles call upon the Cortes of Castile more than the Cortes of Aragon?
The Castilian Cortes had less powers and they would vote on grants of money before discussing grievances
Castile was also generally wealthier and could therefore offer Charles more money
An attempt in Valladolid in 1523 to discuss political matters first was made, but Charles promptly put this down.
82
Why did the Cortes generally have less power?
They lacked the Fueros and Privileges of Aragon
They could only send 2 representatives from 18 towns which often did not cover the whole kingdom
The nobles and Clergy were not typically able to attend.
83
Why did the Nobles and Clergy rarely give money to Charles?
When Charles wanted the Nobles and Clergy to pay for a special grant to fund campaigns against the turs, the nobles and clergy refused as they believed it may make them no longer exempt from tax
Charles also proposed new tax on food called the Sisa which would have had to been paid by nobles and clergy which as result they refused to allow.
84
Where did Charles get most of his finance from?
Because the Nobility and Clergy gave him little money (bar a few private donations) He received most of his money through the Cortes and and towns, so much so that they requested the Cortes meet no more than every three years, implying Charles had received lots from them.
85
In what ways was the government evolved during Charles' Reign?
Administrative machine had become more effective thanks to the growing use of Letrados
Council of State and Council of war were created
The number of Territorial councils grew thanks to growing expansion
Secretaries Under Charles greatly grew in power and status
86
In what ways was Government under Charles mainly the same?
Conciliar system already existed and had only been minorly adapted
Most councils present had already existed under F + I
Still no fixed governmental capital, but much things were done in Valladolid
Powers of the Cortes in both Kingdoms unchanged
Charles also used personal presence like F+I
87
Who were Charles's Two main secerataries?
Francisco de Los Cobos
| Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle
88
What was the Role of Francisco de los Cobos?
His office dealt with the affairs of Castile, Portugal, the indies and Italy and from 1539 onwards he exclusively focused on Spanish affairs, he became Charles Chief advisor and directed the council of finance.
89
How did Francisco de los Cobos improve the secretariat?
He helped improve the governing of Spain by choosing those from the minor gentry with administrative training and experience to work in the Conciliar system.
90
What were the negatives of hiring new administrators?
As they were the main means of of access increasing the king, so many received gifts in return for favours, although Charles did not care about this as he knew he had their loyalty as they were not sons of nobles or clergy
91
What happened to the importance of Councils and Cortes under Charles?
They became less important and became positions of social distinction rather than political influence, importance shifted to the crucialness of individuals and his secretaries.
92
Who was Antoine Perrenot De Granvelle?
One of Charles's most important secretaries, Put in charge of affairs in Northern Europe.
93
Who was Juan Parda de Tavera?
The Archbishop of Toledo who helped Isabella Rule as regent during Charles's Absences
94
In what ways were the Letrados powerful in governing spain?
They dominated the agenda of most meetings and drafted the Majority of royal documents
They were the primary medium of communication between the king and the councils
95
What happened to both revolts that prevented the nobles from supporting them any further?
They had become increasingly anti seigneurial
96
What does seigneurial mean?
the feudal lord of the manor, therefore anti seigneurial means anti nobility
97
What were Charles's Religous aims?
- Continue the work of F+I
- Further reform the catholic church by removing some corrupt practices
- Improve education of Clergy
- Improve religious education of the masses including conversos and morisicos
- Ensure Lutheranism gains no support
- Keep Catholicism as the key religion in Spain
- Achieve all of these aims using the inquisition
98
What were the four religous threats facing Charles?
- Erasmists
- Illuminists or Alumbrados
- Moriscos
- Lutheranism
99
What did Erasmists believe in?
These were people who followed the teachings of Desiderius Erasmus, who promoted the idea of a reformed church that involved the idea of earning meditation and private prayers.
100
Why did the Erasmists fall out of favour with Charles?
Originally they were well received as. like Charles, they supported the reformation of the church, but Charles did not support the idea of a private prayer as Privacy would have reduced the Church's power., therefore by the late 1520s they had fallen out of favour, and the inquisition began to target them
101
Who were Illuminists/Alumbrados?
Illuminists were strongly linked to Lutheranism, but they believed they could indirectly communicate with God through drugs and Orgasms.
102
Who were Moriscos and why were they hated in Spain?
They were Muslims who had converted to Christianity (usually forcibly) and many believed that they had not actually converted and were practicing in secret
Anti Muslim Temperament increased thanks to the ongoing conflict with the Ottomans and problems in the Mediterranean sea with Barbarossa.
103
By the end of Charles reign how many cases of Lutheranism were there?
There had been only 105 cases of Lutheranism, with 66 being foreigners, therefore he had been almost completely successful in keeping Protestantism out of Spain.
104
How was the Religious education in Spain improved?
Cisneros found the University of Alcala in 1508 for training of the Clergy, Here, A printing press was established that printed many religious texts including the polyglot bible. It helped to make intellectual improvements of bishops.
105
What was the Polygot bible?
A version of the Bible that contained versions of the text in many different languages,
106
What was a turning point in Charles's religious policies?
After the Expansion of Lutheranism, Charles followed a strict doctrine of only allowing Catholicism, explaining why by the late 1520s the Erasmists were supressed by the inquisition
107
What were Charles's Original policies towards the Moors and Granada?
In 1526, there were attempts to completely remove all traces of Moorish civilisation in Granada, including the use of Arabic, Traditional Moorish clothing and the performance of the traditional Zambra dance, he also wanted to achieve this by improving christian education.
108
Why was Charles's policies to the Moriscos not particularly sucessful?
He accepted a large Moorish subsidy in return for suspending laws against Granadan customs which undermined both policies against the moors.
109
What were Charles's relation with the pope like most of the time?
Poor for most of his reign
110
Why was the Relationship between Charles and the pope strained for much of his reign?
The Papacy feared Charles or the French king would become too powerful in Italy, (thus reducing the Popes power there) So the papacy continually allied with either Charles or France to prevent the other nation becoming too powerful there.
There was also major conflicts over how to deal with Lutheranism and questions over reforms of the Catholic church, Charles wanted a general council of the Church to introduce Clerical reforms, but he Couldn't persuade the papacy on the importance of the matter until 1545 when the council of Trent was held.
111
Why did Charles stuggle to prevent the spreads of Lutheranism?
He didn't have any control over the HRE in individual states, he could only appeal, acting as a national head.
112
Who did Charles send to act as HRE when he was Absent?
His brother Ferdinand, meaning he could only prevent spread of Lutheranism with imperial diets
113
What were the three key reasons why Charles failed to stop the spread of Lutheranism?
Ferdinand had to act as HRE while Charles was away, TMT Charles had less say in what was going on nd Ferdinand had less authority.
Charles Underestimated the popularity of Lutheranism and acted to late to stop it spreading
He and his troops were distracted by other things while Protestantism spread.
114
What was Charles distracted with that meant protestantism couldpsread more easily/
- Distracted by the French Invasion of the Netherlands 1542-1545
- Distracted by spain's domestic issues
- Distracted by the Ottomann's advances in the Med
- Distracted by territorial gains in the new world and the expansion of the Netherlands
115
Why was Protestantism more favourable to the German Princes?
- They didn't have to pay money to the church
- The head of state became the head of the church rather than the pope
- They could take over Church land for themselves
- They could take the gold and riches of the church for their own
116
What was a key turning point in the battle against protestantism?
After the Formation of the Schmalkaldic league was se up in 1531, Charles could no longer negotiate to supress Protestantism and instead had to turn to violent measures, as seen in the Battle of Muhlberg.
117
How much had Lutheranism progressed by the end of Charles's reign?
Lutheranism became an official religion within the HRE , with many German princes choosing it as the religion of their state
118
When did Luther Post his 95 theses and where?
Martin Luther the German priest, posted his 95 theses on the castle church door in Wittenberg
119
What were Luther's 95 Theses?
a list of theses protesting against the sale of indulgences and criticising the Catholic church
120
What was the Schmalkaldic league?
Formed in 1531, it was a defensive, military alliance protecting Lutheranism, greatly empowered by princely support and urban support
120
What was the Schmalkaldic league?
Formed in 1531, it was a defensive, military alliance protecting Lutheranism, greatly empowered by princely support and urban support
121
What was the 1521 Diet of worms?
The diet of Worms (a parliament in the town of worms) outlaws Luther and Punishes anyone who tries to protect him from escaping punishment. Despite this, He avoided arrest thanks to his prominent position and his protection from Frederick the wise of Saxony
122
What was Frances policy on Lutheranism?
France supports the Lutherans to further weaken Habsburg control of Europe?
123
what was the battle of Muhlberg?
A battle between Lutherans and Catholics on 25th April 1547, The duke of Alba led an army of 25,000 to defeat the Lutherans at Muhlberg
124
What was the 1541 declaration of Ratisborn?
this declaration granted safety to those who adhered to the Augsburg confession (a statement of Lutheran beliefs were assured) Allowing the secularisation of church property (making it non religious) the right to reform monasteries and the allowing of Lutherans to hold imperial positions. It was the last attempt at peaceful religious unity.
The pope condemned it, while German princes exploited it to the full.
125
What was the 1555 peace of Augsburg?
Lutheranism was given legal and official recognition within the HRE, and individual princes could chose the religion of their state, This confirmed Charles' position as a figurehead within the stretches of the Empire.
126
Following the early revolts Why was Castile in a better position to exploit the New world?
Undoubtedly they benefitted from a long period of internal peace, putting the Castilian economy into a better position than before to exploit the stimulation of trade and industry resulting from conquests in the new world.
126
Following the early revolts Why was Castile in a better position to exploit the New world?
Undoubtedly they benefitted from a long period of internal peace, putting the Castilian economy into a better position than before to exploit the stimulation of trade and industry resulting from conquests in the new world.
127
Because Charles was absent from the HRE, what was Luther's and Lutheranism's fate decided by?
Imperial diets, which could be procrastinated by Lutherans and princes, meaning he went away relatively unscathed.
128
What was the League of Cognac?
Clement VII (pope) formed an alliance with Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of France, which came to be known as the League of Cognac, to resist the Habsburg dynasty in Italy.
129
What was the Sack of Rome?
In 1527 Charles' force of about 20,000 stormed the city of Rome and embarked on a massacre massacre, terrorizing the population, It marked the end of the Italian high resistance and cemented Charles' power over Italy, humiliating the pope.
130
What were the seven sources of income for Charles?
- Individual parts of the empire expected to be self sufficient and contribute to general needs
- Income from Castile
- Income from Aragon
- Income from taxation (alcbala)
- General right to a servicio
- Income from the Church
- Borrowing
131
How did Charles successfully raise money through taxation?
the most lucrative tax remained the Alcbala
The Alcbala provided for 75% of the Crowns income
At the Cortes of Madrid in 1534, Charles granted the principle of Encabezamiento, allowing towns to convert the Alcbala into a fixed sum
132
How did Charles Unsuccessfully gain income from taxation?
- The Alcbala's value fell in real value through Charles reign, It rose by 21%, but inflation increased by a third
- Wheat and bread imported rom the sea was exempt from the Alcbala
133
How did Charles raise Money through Aragon?
He raised money through the Cortes' servicio, but the Institution of Aragon meant that he had to be approved by all three Cortes' to raise taxes there so he only met with them six times for a servicio
The economy of Aragon at the time was also not table enough to provide any notable economic help.
134
How did Charles successfully raise money from Castile?
- Chares raised most of the money from Castile, as the Cortes had little resistance to higher taxation
Most taxes were indirect like the Alcbala and did not need to refer to the Cortes
- He could establish the crowns right to a servicio on a regular basis thanks to the defeat of the Communeros and the increase of Royal power in Castilian towns, particularly because the crown could choose who was elected to be a part of the Cortes.
135
In what ways did Charles fail in getting finance from Castile?
- Charles did not raise any new taxes, other than the Alcbala, customs duties was the only noticeable tax
- The direct tax burden only fell on the lower and middle classes, his failure to tax the rich meant he had to turn to borrowing
- Charles had attempted to introduce a tax on food known as the Siso, but it didn't come into fruition as the nobles and clergy put it down, fearing it would mean they would have to pay tax.
136
What was the Subsido?
A method of raising money from the Spanish church granted by the pope that allowed Charles to receive a portion of all income from the church, granting 500,000 ducats alone in 1551
137
What were the three main taxes on the church?
The Subsido
The Terciareales
The Cruzada
138
What was the The Terciareales Tax on the Church?
A tax on the Church that allowed the Crown to take 1/3 of the earnings from tithes (a spend to the church on 1/10 agriculture profits)
139
How much money did the Cruzada tax make per year?
121,000 ducats per annum
140
How much of Royal income did income from the church account for?
almost a quarter
141
How did Charles gain income from the Military orders?
In 1523, Pope Adrian (Charles former tutor) declared that the three Military orders would remain under the control of the monarchy for the foreseeable future, but due to the loans Charles revived from the Fuggers, the money from the Military order went here, and the Fuggers administrated them.
142
What were the three Military orders?
The order of Alacantra
The order of Calatrava
The order of Santiago
143
what ways did Charles receive money from the church that wasn't through taxation?
The church provided gifts from time to time
The crown made money from the income of Sees (a bishops Ecclesiastical area0 between the death of one and the appointment of their successor.
144
How much money did Charles receive from the new world between:
- 1534 -1540
- 1545 - 1550
- 1551 - 1555
- 1534 -1540 = 324,000 Ducats
- 1545 - 1550 = 382,000 ducats
- 1551 - 1555 = 871,000 Ducats
145
How did Charles receive income from the New world?
The crown was entitled to all revenues from taxes in the new world, as well as a fifth of all precious metals combined.
146
Who were the Fuggers?
prominent group of European bankers, who, Alongside the Welser family, the Fugger family controlled much of the European economy in the sixteenth century and accumulated enormous wealth. The Fuggers held a near monopoly on the European copper market.
147
What did Borroing reach during charles regin?
nearly 30 million Ducats
148
What was the total interest on the Loans Charles received?
10 million Ducats
149
What was the main reason Charles needed to borrow money and an example of this?
His Military Campaigns, in 1552 he had to borrow 4 million Ducats to finance his war against France, where the unsuccessful Campaign at Metz cost him 2.5 million Ducats
150
How much did interest rates rise from under Charles' Reign?
Interest rose from 18% in the 1520s to 49% by the 1550s as the financial situation deteriorated. Moreover, this increased foreign control and influence on the economy of Spain
151
How did Charles encourage Foreign banker to lend them money and examples?
The Welsers lent the Emperor Charles V a great sum of money for which in 1528 he received as security the Province of Venezuela, which was colonised and exploited for its silver.
He did this with the Fuggers by allowing them to take control of administrating the Military orders.
152
What was the crowns financial state when Charles inherited the throne?
In 1523 Charles said Royal expenditure 'Amounted for far more than i receive in revenue'
The state of finances had not been good and worsened due to the cost of the Imperial election to become HRE
153
What were Charles 5 main areas of Expenditure?
- The greed of Burgundian followers
- Imperial election expenses
- Increased cost of royal officials
- Royal household items
- War and general upkeep of the empire
154
How had the cost of the royal household hurt Charles' Finances?
- The cost of the ceremonial court had increased significantly since F+I after Charles' made it more like the Burgundian court he was used to alongside the salaries of more letrados
- The order of the golden fleece had been introduced to Spain, a member of chivalry who's members had considerable privileges
- Money had to be found to meet the slaries of many of the new positions created, and the buying of Jewels and pieces of Art
-
155
What did the cost of the royal household amount to?
1/10 of all expenditures
156
How much of the crowns revenue came from the new world?
20% it was 270,000 Ducats per annum
157
What type of social member dominated the Cortes?
The Hidalgo (lesser nobillity)
158
Why was the Hidalgos dominance of the Cortes an issue?
The Hidalgo's General disregard of industry caused major issues for Charles
In 1548 the Cortes demanded the importation of Cheaper cloth, as they thought the poor could not afford expensive Spanish wool
They also banned the numerous imports of commodities from the Indies like steel cloth and silk and iron to make commodities cheaper at home.
159
What did the Cortes order that all pasture land become in 1525 and why did this cause issues with the textile industry?
They ordered all pasture land should become under tillage in 1525 and grow crops
This caused much of the north of castile to revolt, as they relied on imported wheat, this combined with the Cortes policies that meant much of wool production went abroad, domestic manufacturers were too weak to compete with foreign competitors and there was a fall in domestic textile industry.
160
How much did people employed in the cloth and textiles industry rise during charles' Reign?
Rose from 10,000 to 50,000 from 1525 to 1550
160
How much did people employed in the cloth and textiles industry rise during charles' Reign?
Rose from 10,000 to 50,000 from 1525 to 1550
161
Who was Chief of Finances?
Henry of Nassau
162
What happened to Castile's wool production?
The majority of Castile's wool production went abroad as domestic manufacturers were too weak to compete for it
163
How much money did Aragon supply at each of the six Cortes meetings throughout Charles's Reign?
500,000 Ducats per Cortes - a minimal amount as Aragon was entering Economic decline
164
What did the Sale of Royal lands previously owned by the Military orders produce?
1.7 million Ducats
165
What was one new tax Charles created?
The Sisa, a tax on foodstuffs not imposed on the aristocracy, due to French, German and North African Campaigns.
166
What percentage of Royal expenditure was on the repayment of loans?
in 1522 it consumed 36% of normal revenue and by the end of Charles reign, the figure reached 65%
167
When was Inflation higher in the 16th century?
Inflation was higher in the first half of the 16th century.
168
What was the rate of inflation in 1501-1562 compared to 1562-1600?
```
1501-1562 = 2.8% per annum average
1562-1600 = 1.3% per annum average
```
169
What were the main goods that were driven up in price due to inflation ?
Wheat and other agricultural goods
Grain
Meat
170
What were the contemporary beliefs as to why there was inflation in Spain?
- Some were moral/religious, believing it was the wickedness of individuals
- others believed it was foreign speculators (a person who makes risky investments in anticipation of prices going up) This is what the Castilian Cortes claimed it was at the time
- Imports of Gold and silver being responsible for inflation was put forward at the time by theologians at the university of Salamanca, Martin de azplicueta noticed the links between the levels of gold and silver entering the country and the rising prices, as did Tomas de Mercado
- Jean Bodin came to the same conclusion in 1568, also pointing out that the Spanish currency had not undergone debasement like France had at the same time.
171
What is Bullion?
The amount of Gold and silver valued by weight before it was minted into coins
172
What are Pesos?
New world bullion was Reckoned in Pesos, it was worth 272 maravedis and a gold peso was worth 450 maravedis
173
What modern Historian supported the idea that inflation was linked to the levels of bullion coming into the new world?
Earl J Hamilton
174
What did Earl J Hamilton conclude and why?
Because there was a small correlation with the amount of bullion and level of inflation, he concluded that the 'abundant mines of America' were 'beyond question' the 'principle cause for the price revolution in Spain'
175
What evidence reduces the credibility of Earl J Hamilton's conclusions?
- the rise in prices did not closely follow rise in silver and gold imports
- In the first half of the century, inflation was higher while bullion imports lower and vice versa for the second half
- Price levels rose at different speeds for different things, the rise in price was not purely monetary
- It is thought that much of the silver flowing into Spain was smuggled in and off the record, making Hamilton's data inaccurate
- It was also questioned how much silver and gold actually remained in Spain, much was quickly exported to pay for Spanish imports
-
176
Other than the view that increasing bullion ins Spain led to the price revolution, what were the other two explanations as to why inflation may have occurred?
- The laws of supply and demand
| - The population boom in Spain
177
How did the Laws of supply and demand lead to inflation?
When the total supply of money rose in Spain without a matched rise in output, the same amount of goods were competing for more money, so money lost its value and prices rose
178
What was Spain's population by the 1550s?
Around 6.5 million
179
Which towns grew the most in this time?
Seville tripled in size from 33,000 to 95,000 and Salamanca almost doubled from 13,400 to 25,200
180
Why did population increases lead to inflation?
As the population rose without a significant increase in output, food shortages began to occur, and as a result food sellers rose their prices, knowing that food was an essential with inelastic demand, causing the prices of food to rise, and explaining why the cost of food and agriculture rose the fastest. The same happen with textilles
181
Who were the main losers of inflation?
- The masses living on fixed income
- People who received low rents or cash in lieu (instead) of goods
- This included, farmers, small landowners, lower clergy, town dwellers and unskilled labourers
182
What was the Impact of inflation on the crown?
The cost of administration and paying/feeding and equipping the armed forces all went up, however it was somewhat helpful as it made the cost of their loans lower. Additionally the crown could mitigate the effects of inflation by simply raising taxes.
The crown suffered the least and could've arguably benefitted
182
What was the Impact of inflation on the crown?
The cost of administration and paying/feeding and equipping the armed forces all went up, however it was somewhat helpful as it made the cost of their loans lower. Additionally the crown could mitigate the effects of inflation by simply raising taxes.
The crown suffered the least and could've arguably benefitted
183
What were the impacts of inflation on the higher nobility/grandees?
Like the crown, Grandees were able to increase their incomes in line with inflation, many had vast estates that they could use to create their own crops, and the crown needed them and they were often rewarded financially to do very little.
184
What were the impacts of inflation on Entrepreneurs?
In the short term they benefitted from the higher inflation, but spanish exports were negatively affected.
Fortunately, they could still compete effectively thanks to the large fortunes being made in the indies, particularly in the wine trade.
185
How was the food supply increased to meet with the growing food demand?
More land was made available for Arable arming, with Florian de campo stating 'even mountains disappeared as everything in Castile was ploughed up for Sowing' this still did not create enough food, and Spain relied heavily on imports, particularly in decades of famine in 1560s 70s and 1590s.
186
What were the human reasons for food shortages in Spain other than population growth?
- Unequal distribution of land
- poor agricultural techniques such as leaving the field to fallow for one or two years out of three
- the use of mules rather than oxen
- High levels of rent/taxation
- difficulties on obtaining cash for investment.
187
What happened to the Mesta in the 16th century?
It started off very powerful in the first half as it was a source of loans for the crown, but as the demand for wool decreased in the second half of the century, the crown withdrew their supports and many began to enclose their land for crop growing following the Cortes orders to.
187
What happened to the Mesta in the 16th century?
It started off very powerful in the first half as it was a source of loans for the crown, but as the demand for wool decreased in the second half of the century, the crown withdrew their supports and many began to enclose their land for crop growing following the Cortes orders to.
188
What were the reasons that Spanish industry/cloth was inferior and uncompetitive?
- Higher costs of production
- low-quality of production
- town guilds made introduction of new practices difficult
- people preferred to invest in government loans rather than new innovations
- cost of moving goods around the country was high due to poor roads and customs barriers within the country
- government policies worsened industry, like when in 1552, legislation made it that goods could only leave Spain if they were headed to the new world, but this was later reversed in 1558
- A 1548 policy allowed foreign cloth to be imported which out performed Spanish cloth as it was cheaper and better made.
