Isabella and Ferdinand 1469 - 1516 Flashcards
1
Q
What was the geography of Castile like in 1469?
A
other than the costal plains, much of castile and Aragon is hot and arid where it is difficult to grow food. this problem was exacerbated in the Meseta - a large plateau surrounded by mountains in central castile that has long hard winters followed by periods do extreme heat. The East and South coasts are also very hot, experiencing very little rain.
2
Q
What was the geography of Aragon like?
A
Much of Aragon is bordered by the Pyrenees to the north, meaning that there is much less extreme heat, allowing more crops to be grown. Because of poor soil conditions, costal areas have become the most populated with its population relying on trade, particularly with Spain being a two ocean power.
3
Q
Size comparison of Aragon and castile:
A
Castile was 4x the size of Aragon.
4
Q
Briefly summarise the Cortes in Castile.
A
The Cortes was much weaker in Castile, the crown had the right to make laws as they pleased without the consent of the Cortes.
5
Q
In what ways was Castile united?
A
One central government, one language, one coinage and one Cortes (Parliament)
6
Q
How many kingdoms made up Aragon and what were their names?
A
Catalonia
Valencia
Aragon
(All 3 had their own separate Cortes)
7
Q
How did monarchs have less power in Aragon than in Castile?
A
All laws in each Cortes of Aragon had to be approved by each individual Cortes.
Monarchs power for delivering justice, rising taxes and raising armies were all limited by the fueros (the laws and privileges in each kingdoms)
8
Q
Who was responsible for defending the Fueros?
A
The Justicia, they were a law officer with wide powers that could not be removed by the king.
9
Q
How was Aragon and castile different in their Cortes?
A
- Castile has one central gov, Aragon 3
- Castile one Cortes, Aragon 3
- Cortes has much more power over monarchs than in Castile.
10
Q
What was the main trade in Castile?
A
Mainly raw materials (mainly wool)
11
Q
Who controlled the wool trade?
A
The Mesta - the group of sheep farmers who controlled all of Castile’s wool.
12
Q
Where did Castile send its wool to?
A
Northern Europe, places like Flanders in the Netherlands where Castilian merchants were prevalent. Its ports also cooperated with each other.
13
Q
How united was Aragon economically?
A
Not very, towns competed against each other for trade, and ports were not working together
14
Q
Why was Aragon struggling Economically?
A
Because of the Catalonian civil war from 1462-1472, there was economic damage that was still recovering
Aragon’s main port of Barcelona was hit by an economic crisis in 1350 after an outbreak of plague, leading to bankruptcies and unemployment - this was crucial as Spain imported most of its food.
15
Q
What was the religious situation in the Iberian peninsula?
A
Christianity was the main religion, with groups of Jews often living in towns while settlements of Moors (Muslims) lived in the countryside. They wanted to co exist and often did.
16
Q
What lifestyle did Jews normally live?
A
They often lived and worked in towns, with many operating as financers to the royals as well as being important in trade and medicine.
What did Moors usually do? They usually lived in the countryside working on the land of nobles.
17
Q
IN what ways were there not peaceful religious co existence in 1469?
A
because of the Christian reconquest of Spain, it meant that there was often a general hostility towards minorities, particularly during times of epidemics and economic downturn.
Many Jews also suffered from pogroms (organised massacres) where they were also forcibly converted to Christianity.
18
Q
What were the issues with Catholicism in 1469?
A
the Pope had complete power of the church from Rome
There were many complaints about levels of abuse
There was a poor standard of education and Clergy
19
Q
What event marked the end of the war of succession?
A
The treaty of Alcacovos signed on the 4th of september 1479
20
Q
How did Isabella win the war of Succession?
A
obtaining the support of towns and cities
Securing support from the nobles
Support from Ferdinand in political and military affairs.
21
Q
How did Isabella gain support of the Grandees?
A
She offered them Amnesty after initially supporting Juana
Offered new grants of land
Reaffirmation of their right to collect financial grants awarded by the crown
22
Q
How did Isabella win over the towns and cities?
A
She secured the backings of crucial towns like Toledo by affirming their privileges’
She also occasionally cities by force like when she took control of Cordoba
23
Q
What happened in 1476 that damaged Juana’s claim to the throne?
A
Alfonso V of Portugal is defeated at the battle of Toro, admitting he lost and decides to no longer support Juana
24
Q
What happens to Juana after the war of succession?
A
Travels to a convent in Portugal, where she remains for the rest of her life ‘unmarried and a nun’
25
When was the treaty of Alcacovos signed?
4th September 1479
26
What happens in Aragon 1479 that cements Ferdinand as ruler?
Ferdinand's father John II dies and Ferdinand is proclaimed king
27
What were Ferdinand's main qualities?
Skillful at solving political matters
Skillful military strategist
Displayed personal bravery in war
Less extreme than Isabella regarding religion
28
What were Isabella's main qualities?
Extremely Pious (religious)
Determined and energetic
Inspired loyalty and respect
29
What positions did Ferdinand and Isabella hold when ruling Spain?
Ferdinand was King of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile.
Ferdinand had very little power in Castile, and Isabella had little say in the matters of Aragon, nonetheless both heads appeared on seals and coins and both kingdoms appeared on royal decrees
30
In what ways were the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile governed separately?
Each had their own government
Separate languages
Own laws and customs
Economies were fully separate and it was different to trade between the two.
31
In what main aspects of life did Ferdinand and Isabella have to reclaim royal authority?
Justice
Peace and order
central administration
Nobility
32
Briefly outline how Justice was restored in Castile
- From 1489, ordinances were issued establishing the Audencia (the highest court in Castile) sat in Valladolid to deal with civil and criminal cases. Made up with a president and 8 judges appointed annually. Later more appeal courts were set up in Granada, Santiago and Seville.
- In some Castilian towns, they were allowed to appoint corregidores (town councilors who collected taxes and reported back to royals on the state of affairs)
33
How was justice restored/carried out in Aragon?
- Aragon had its own Audencia to to try cases.
- Aragon had a justiciar who was independent of the crown who was the protector of Aragonese Fueros and Liberties as well as ensuring Justice.
34
What methods were used in Both Castile and Aragon to promote Justice?
- The Santa Hermandad was established in 1476. It was a centrally organised group that intended to provide security and justice for local communities. It also increased royal control as it reported back to the monarchs through the conciliar system, quickly becoming the most significant institution in each locality.
35
How did the Santa Hermandad work?
Every settlement with over fifty inhabitants had to form a local brotherhood. The Hermandad was expected to send representatives to a central assembly that helped direct policy . They were very powerful, with the power to execute those who committed crimes - they were also used to raise finance and create militias. It was eventually became an integral part of the royal army, become a permanent civilian militia. They were meant to be a temporary measure, but remained in place until 1498.
36
When was the Santa Hermandad first established?
The hermandades initially began to form in Andalusia in 1265, in towns seeking to "defend their interests" from Islamic rebels. Ferdinand and Isabella then reintroduced them shortly after securing the throne in 1476 , to organise justice and cement royal power. Instead of Eliminating violence they organised their nation.
37
What were some drawbacks of the Santa hermandades?
- Their punishments were particularly harsh even for the time, involving mutilation and death
- their financial commitments to the crown were a heavy burden and as a result they could only deal with small disorders
- it was also hard to introduce them to each part of the country.
38
How did Castile promote peace and order?
- Ferdinand and Isabella used personal presence to promote their leadership and help maintain order.
- the Hermandes often contributed money and solders to the crown - particularly in the Granada war, they also mainly acted as a police force.
- F+I sent out Corregidor's to every important Castilian town, who reported to the crown on the state of affairs and collected taxes. Their salaries were played by townsfolk and as a result they were hated. They were also checked on frequently by other royal officials.
39
What was personal presence?
When Ferdinand and Isabella were constantly on the move around Castile, visiting every part of castile at least once over thirty years, staying at the houses of nobles. Officials and advisors followed them around - allowing them to deal with any problems first hand, they arbitrated in disputes heard lawsuits an personally dealt with any revolts.
40
How did Aragon promote peace and order?
Because Ferdinand spent most of his time in Castile, Viceroys that were usually close family governed Aragon in his stead. There was no fixed court in Aragon.
41
How did the monarchs maintain peace and order through the nobility?
The nobles were very powerful through the civil war and needed to be reduced in power or favourable to the monarchy. They used a variety of carrot and stick methods to appease them.
- Troublesome nobles had their property burnt and destroyed or seized
- The crown wanted their lands back that the nobles had taken in the war of succession, at the Cortes of Toledo in 1480, the crown reclaimed all land lost since 1464 and they were all returned. But Nobles kept all land gained before then
- Once Granada was reconquered and important cities were put under royal control, the nobles who had owned them were compensated
- Nobles had been given the right to collect the 10% sales tax of the Alcbala.
42
What methods did F+I use to win over nobles?
Encouraged the titled nobility to spend their time at court
gave opportunities to nobles for servitude in foreign wars
- New titles were created and granted
- compensation was given for lands reclaimed in Granada
- Nobles were encouraged to use the mayoragzo Which meant that property could be descended between generations without being divided.
43
What were the Military orders and how did the royals control them?
They were religious chivalric orders that had great wealth and power. They consisted of the order of Santiago (the biggest of the orders) Calatrava and Alacantra. Over time each of the Grandmasters of the orders died and each of them were 'persuaded' to accept Ferdinand as their new grand master. In 1523 a Papal bull incorporated them into the crown.
44
How was the central administration managed?
Through the conciliar system, which began reformation at the Cortes of Toledo in 1480.
45
What was the conciliar system?
It was a series of linked institutions that all answered and reported to the crown - it was not a new system, rather reformed at the start of the Catholic monarchs reign.
46
What made up the conciliar system? `
The royal council of Castile was wthe most important and was divided into 5 different parts:
- Foreign policy
- Justice
- Hermandades
- Finance
- Nobles and Letrados
The system was later expanded upon, meaning that every member had to be a Letrados
Other councils like the council of Aragon was later introduced. The royal council met every day.
47
What three other councils were introduced to the council of Castile?
- 1483 Supreme inquisition (Judicial institution used to brutally fight heresy)
- 1483 Council of orders
- Council of Indies 1524
48
How did the Cortes of Castile work?
17 towns each sent 2 representatives, Nobility and Clergy did not usually attend, as taxation did not affect them.
49
How often did the Cortes of Castile meet and what does this suggest?
They did not meet at all between 1482 - 1498 and only met 12 times after 1498, suggesting that they mostly ruled without the use or help of the Cortes.
50
How did the Cortes of Aragon work?
Grievances were discussed before money was granted, this meant that they had considerable power and were key in the suppression of the hermandades from Aragon in 1495.
51
What were F+I's key religious policies?
- The Reconquista (moors and how they were treated after)
- The inquisition and expulsion of the Jews (Conversos and Jews, how they were dealt with)
- The reform of the catholic church.
52
How many Jews were in Spain pre-expulsion?
Between 80,000 and 200,000 (but maybe up to 800,000) - nevertheless they were the smallest religious group in castile and Aragon.
53
Why were Jews hated in Spain?
They had the biggest Jewish population in all of Europe
there had been anti Jewish riots in 1391
They were used as a scape goat in the mid 14th century depression
They were natural geographically segregated from the rest of Spain and had survived a recent outbreak of plague better than other communities, creating anger
Many Jews were in successful and highly respected jobs.
54
What was evidence for the unfair treatment of Jews in Spain?
They lived in Ghettos in Castile and were forced to wear a yellow star so they could be easily identified
There were increased checks on Jews (particularly those in prominent positions)
Flimsy evidence would be used to convict Jews of Heresy
Jews were always taxed more heavily
They were banned from government, the army, forming trade guilds, or joining universities.
55
Where were moors often located?
Moors often worked as agricultural labourers in the countryside, the were more prominent further south, in parts of Andalusia and Grenada.
56
Where were Jewish populations highest?
Jews often lived in towns working as high ranking officials or financers, this made the royal control over them even more important.
57
What was the Convivencia?
The idea of a peaceful coexistence between the moors, Jews and Christians.
58
Why was the power of the Catholic church an issue for Ferdinand and Isabella?
Church income was over six million Ducats
The church was exempt from crown tax
The church had their own fortresses
They had their own private armies
Archbishop of Toledo was the 2nd most powerful man in Spain with a personal income of 80,000 ducats a year.
59
What council was held that greatly increased royal control of the church and what was agreed there?
The Ecclesiastical council of Seville in 1478 confirmed that all bishops and archbishops would be appointed by the royals the royal appointment of bishops was very successful and helped reduce anti - clericalism.
60
What were the main aims of F+I in regards to reforming the catholic church?
Wanted to increase royal control over the church
Wanted to increase the quality of pastoral supervision (wanted to improve the episcopacy - the bishops of a region or church collectively)
Wanted to make sure the church wouldn't present a threat to royal authority
Wanted to reduce the churches military power.
61
How did F+I try improve the episcopacy and the quality of pastoral supervision?
At the council of trent, Made it so all bishops had to live in their diocese (a district under pastoral care) So they could effectively look after their diocese and oversee clerical reform personally
They also avoided appointing foreign bishops, which meant that existing bishops became strong advocated of reform.
62
In what ways were attempts to improve pastoral control over the church undermined?
There were a few exceptions to these rules, notably the fact that Ferdinand's illegitimate son did not live in his diocese, despite being a bishop.
63
How didthe crown make sure the church wouldn't be a threat to royal authority?
Theu wanted to make it so the churches power could not undermine the monarchy, so:
- in 1502 it was made that all church courts were expected to employ temporal punishments for temporal crimes and not spiritual ones
- F + I gained control of the chuches taxes through trhe use of a Cruzaada tax that continued even after the Grenada war.
64
What did The monarchs do to reduce the churches military power?
After the war of succession Isabella ordered the archbishop of Toledo to hand over all of the churches fortresses to the crown.
The monarchs were also granted a papal bull which allowed them to a monopoly over all missionary activity in the new world.
65
What were the failures in controlling the church?
In regards to improving pastoral supervision, they were a few exceptions to the rule of bishops living in their diocese like Ferdinand's illegitimate son who was able to not live in his diocese
The churches were also still able to have their own armies which undermined royal control over them
Existing bishops were not appointed by F and I.
66
What was the Spanish inquisition?
An organisation established by F and I to eradicate heresy in Spain that mainly targeted converseos.
67
When was the Spanish inquisition established?
Founded by papal bull in 1478.
68
What were the 2 main reasons for the inquisition coming into fruition?
There was rising anti Semitism in Spain
There were more than 100,000 conversos living in Spain, many of them living in urban areas in Spain near unconverted Jews, many conversos were also practicing Judaism in secret which rose suspicion.
69
When did the Reconquista originally begin?
The original attempts to reunite the Iberian peninsula under Christianity began in 720 after the Islamic conquest of Spain in 711.
70
How did the Spanish inquisition work?
The council of inquisition was the main institution, with all staff being the clergy, but having pledged their allegiance to F and I by 1492 it was made up of 10 tribunals in key towns and settlements
the inquisition would punish anyone one performing bigamy which involved restriction of divorce and only permitting it under unavoidable circumstances, offenders were punished, and possibly killed
The inquisition also banned sodomy and Freemasonry, and anybody found doing the vice was punished and perhaps persecuted
They would also censor any other religious works that were not Christian.
71
What was the reaction to the Inquisition in Aragon when it entered the Realm?
It was hated and seen as a method of Castilian intervention, with tthe cortes of Valencia denouncing the new tribunal as a violation as its fueros.
72
Who was the Inquisitor general?
Tomas de Torquemada, he had the power to appoint and dismiss inquisitors, but he answered solely to the crown.
73
How did the inquisition change over time?
It was originally concerned with the gathering of evidence of heresy, but eventually it turned to carrying out punishment.
74
What did the inquisition lead to?
75% of all 200,000 Jews left the peninsula and they were forbidden from taking gold silver or any money.
75
What did the conversos do in response to the Inquisition?
They appealed to Rome, local magistrates and the monarchs themselves
They were occasionally violent counter attacks to the inquisition, such as the assassination of a inquisitor in Aragon in 1485.
76
How many conversos were burnt as a result of the inquisition?
1481-1488 700 conversos practicing Judaism were burned
| in Valencia in 1488 alone, 1000 conversos were burned.
77
Why was Jews slightly more protected from 1482 - 1492?
During the Reconquest of Grenada there was less pressure put on them as many held roles of debt collectors and money lender s, and were therefore needed for financial support.
78
What was the Major downside of the Inquisition and the expulsion of the Jews?
There were major economic consequences, with many important jobs being left vacant, leading to many people complaining, but nonetheless Isabella continued on caring more about religion than the wellbeing of her people.
79
When and where was the first example of Jews being expelled from the Iberian peninsula?
1482 - Inquisition orders a partial exclusion of Jews from Andalusia.
80
When were Jews driven out of Seville and Andalusia?
1484 - Jews driven out of Seville
| 1484 -1491 Jews expelled from Andalusia to help provide funds for Grenada war.
81
When are Jews Expelled from the Castile and Aragon?
1492 - Jews to be expelled from the Peninsula by royal decree.
82
When are Jews Expelled from Portugal?
Ferdinand and Isaabella pressure onKing manuel of portugal forcing him to expel all jews from portugal in 1497.
83
What Edict/royal decree was issued that expelled the Jews?
The Alhambra decree was the edict of expulsion
| Passed on March 31st 1492.
84
What did the Alhambra decree declare?
It gave all Jews four months until January 31st to leave Castile and Aragon, leaving all their possessions, or converting to Christianity.
85
What % of Jews left Castile and Aragon after the edict of expulsion / Alhambra decree?
75%
86
What were some financial impacts of the expulsion?
- Exclusion allowed the crown to reposes many Jewish areas of land and assets
- Jewish lands and goods could be sold on as a reward and incentive for royal subjects
- This helped keep nobles in order and helped pay for the Grenada war
- It is thought around 200,000 Jews offered large sums of money to the crown to be able to stay
- they were forbidden from taking gold, silver, weapons or horses with them as they left, proving valuable assets to the crown
- When many Jews did return they bought back their own assets and land which kept money flowing
- many high end jobs were left vacant, damaging the economy.
87
What were the main impacts of the expulsion?
- Many Jews fled to Portugal, but in 1497 Manuel gave the Jews six months to leave there, or be made a slave.
- The Expulsion reduced the population of Spain by 3%
- It left many skill gaps in the population, it made it hard to fill many job roles Jews had left, such as doctors, tax collectors and traders
- Many contemporary historians argued that the monarchs had made a mistake chucking out their own people
- The expulsion marked a clear end to the Convivencia.
88
How did the expulsion affect the idea of Convivencia?
- It destroyed the belief of it, despite it being a key idea that helped Spain developed
- It created fear, with Moriscos thinking they may be next
- families were split up
- There were problems around what would happen with the conversos and whether the church would assimilate them or not.
89
Who oversaw the Conversion of moors to Moriscos?
The Muslims programme of conversion and expulsion was overseen originally by archbishop Talavera.
90
Why were muslims seen as a threat?
They were seen as a threat due to their links with the ottomans and the ottoman corsairs.
91
How did Archbishop Talavera deal with the conversion of Muslims?
100 churches were built under Talavera, mainly in Grenada
Talavera focused on Conversion by training clergy to convert Muslims
The clergy was encouraged to learn Arabic
The clergy would also care for abandon children, hoping they would become part of the Christian clergy.
92
What happened when Archbishop Cisneros took over from Talavera ragarding the conversion of Muslims?
Cisneros was much harsher, conducting full scale mass conversions, leading to a full on rebellion in 1499
As a result Ferdinand have to intervene and replace Cisneros back with Talavera.
93
What key event happened before the expulsion of Muslims?
in 1501, all copies of the Qur'an were confiscated.
94
When was the final ultimatum of conversion or exile issued towards Muslims?
In 1502, the edict of expulsion for muslims was issued.
95
What were the five main things that were done by Talavera and later Cisneros to introduce Catholicism in Grenada?
- New Cathedrals of Grenada, Malaga, Guadix, Almeria
- New Churches (around 100 new parish churches were built
- Mass conversions (only done by the more harsh Cisneros)
- Seminary, Training of priest for new congregations and the learning of Arabic to help with conversions
- Social care, Orphanages, nunneries and hostels were all set up aimed at raising morisco children with Christianity.
96
What were the Short term causes for the Conquest of Granada?
- After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and increasing strength of the ottoman empire, F+I wanted to prevent an alliance between the ottomans, Corsairs and the Muslims living in Granada
- The war would Justify the use of the Cruzada tax, which would help finance somewhat and reduce the church's finance.
- The pope made the attack on Granada a crusade which gave spiritual benefits to all those taking part
- The south of the peninsula was involved in the Saharan gold trade and was a key part in the silk trade, so many nobles were keen to reclaim it
- F+I could use the reclaimed land as patronage to rally nobles (by the end of the conquest over 50% of Granada land were given over to the nobles
- Politically, it would raise morale, boost the prestige of the monarchs and the conflict would distract from internal disputes.
97
How long did the war last for?
February 1482-January 2, 1492
98
What event marked the start of the war?
The fall of the frontier castle of Zahara Granada attacked Zahara and enslaved the population.
99
What key events happened in 1483 in the war?
F+I's troops gained large parts of Andalusia which weakened Granada economically as it was crucial in the silk making industry
They also capture the Granada prince Boabdil who was only released after swearing allegiance to F+I TMT Granada effectively became a vassal state, but Granada kept fighting, but the Granada's avoided any formal battles, so the war became a series of skirmishes and sieges.
100
What happened in 1487 during the war?
F+I gained Marbella and successfully siege Malaga.
101
What happened 1st January 1492?
The moors could no longer fight as they had little support from other muslim countries and surrndered after negotiations on Jan 1st
102
What were the terms of surrender?
- were still allowed to practice their religion. So no forced conversions
- Customs, laws traditions were to be upheld.
- Moors could keep their arms and property
- The crown only recovered small parts of the land but 50% went to nobles like Tendilla.
103
What attempts had been made to reconquer grenada in the past?
There were 6 military outings to Granada but nothing was achieved done under Henry IV in 1455-1457
104
Why did Ferdinand and Isabella win the war?
- They used siege warfare which was effective and claimed Malaga quickly
- Granada received no outside help whereas castile was supported by the pope because it was a crusade People from England and Switzerland came to help Castile
- The civil war between Bobadil and his father Weakened the Strength of Granada
- The pope also gave them money The cruzada tax in 1482 included 10% of the Spanish Church's income
- Between 1482 and 1491 Jews had paid for the war. The total was at 58 million maravedis
- North Africa still traded with Spain
- Nobles provided troops and the hermandad gave grants
- The most notable facet of the Granada War was the power of bombards and cannons to greatly shorten the many sieges of the war.
105
What were the consequences of the Granada war?
- F+I given title of Catholic monarchs
- Large celebrations across Christian world
- Muslims in Granada were expected to become Christian, further threatening the peaceful coexistence
- There were food shortages and rising price as a large chunk of food and supplies was sent to the troops
- Castile and Aragon were brought closer together thanks to cooperation in the war
- Spanish economy strengthened thanks to Proximity to Sahara gold route and silk trading routes
- The use of heavy artillery changed siege warfare for ever
- 100,000 moors died
- 200,000 moors converted to Christianity
- many moors emigrated away from Spain.
106
What were the different types of Noble? (in descending order of Power)
```
Grandees ->
Titulos ->
Segundones ->
Hidaglos ->
Burgeois (Looking to become noble)
```
107
Who were the grandees?
The highest rank of noble, very few of them, held vast estates and armies
108
Who were the titulos?
Nobles as wealthy as the Grandees but not as powerful.
109
Who were the segundones?
Lesser sons of grandees/titulos who would not inherit any land or titles
110
Who were the Hidalgos?
Nobles who were in the Lesser aristocracy, with the prefix 'Don', they were the least powerful nobles
111
Who were the Bourgeois?
Merchants and traders who were not yet noble but were seeking to become one.
112
What was a real?
The base denomination of currency (like a pound) .
113
What were Maravedis?
The smallest form of currncy (like a penny)
114
What were the conversion rates of currency?
34 Maravedis = 1 Real (a silver coin)
375 Maraveids = 1 ducat (a gold coin)
A coins value was based on its weight so 1/2 a maravedis known as a blanca existed.
115
What were the 6 main reasons F+I needed taxes and finance?
- Court
- Ambassadors
- Militia
- wars
- Armaments
- Royal marriage alliances
116
What is an ordinary tax?
A tax that is collected on a regular basis (e.g. Alcbala, customs duties)
117
What is an extra ordinary tax?
Taxes that were one off taxes (could not be collected regularly) or private sources of income (e.g. the cruzada tax, the Castilian courts, induvial, military orders) .
118
What were the fundamental problems of the Economy under F+I?
- Population of castile was growing, and becoming harder to feed thanks to the poorly fertilised and irrigated soil
- Financial needs of the monarchs were getting more expensive, with wars against France and Grenada, worsened by the increasing costs of war like gunpowder
- Most of the money raised was through alcbala, but they needed a stronger in the long run for needs to be met.
119
What were the different sectors of finance for F+I to manage?
Wool trade and agriculture
Trade and industry
Trading policy
120
What were the successes of the wool trade and agriculture under F+I?
Castile had become more economically dominant after the decline of the Catalan trading empire,
- Vast amounts of money was made on the sheep tax
- Sheep were easy to look after and maintain
- The export of wool to England helped pave away for a new political alliance when her daughter Catherine of Aragon married Henry VIII
- Consulates (boards of directors) were set up in key towns to direct the wool trade
121
What were the Failures of Wool trade and agriculture under F+I?
- Arable farming was neglected, leading to starvation and a greater reliance on imports
- Mesta (union of sheep owners) gained privileges in Castile, harming arable land which was stamped on and ruined by sheep through new pathways across castile Sheep tax was reduced in 1476 (but this was less of a problem in Aragon where sheep movement was restricted.
- Export of raw wool means less was available for the home textile industry
- Large chunks of land deforested for pasture
- There was too great a reliance on wool
122
What were successes of trade and industry under F+I?
- Many foreign experts recruited from Flanders and Italy
- Agents sent to key cities like London and Bruges to encourage sail of Castilian wool and convoys were also organised to carry wool to northern Europe
- Navigation laws passed to stimulate carrying of goods throughout Europe
- Coinage was reformed, The Edict of 1497 established 3 main coins, the Real, Maravedis and Blanca which was valid in all kingdoms, encouraging cooperation
- Catholic monarchs agreed to honour pensions and annuities, presenting them as solid fiscal managers
- never had to resolve to debasement (Devaluation)
- Seville was given a monopoly on trade in the new world, booming trade
- Some improvements made to the old road system, but most only on small towns and villages, not the big cities.
123
What were the failures of trade and industry under F+I?
- The expulsions of Muslims and Jews meant that there was a decline in skilled workers, suggesting Isabella put religious beliefs in front of economics.
- Guild system remained strong in Aragon and extended into Castile which restricted new practices
- Aragon and Castile became separate trade units, There was no coordinated trading policies and they competed against each other
- Aragon was forbidden to get involved in the new world
- It had appeared the economic welfare of the country was put behind political and religious outlooks.
124
What were the successes of Trading Policy under F+I?
- 90% of income came from the Alcbala (sales tax)
3 major reforms were put into action:
- All nobles claims to land were reviewed as well as their claims to grants
- A central record began to be kept
- Tax farmers were audited every two years
- the monarchs survived without any major financial problems
125
What were the failings of trade policy under F+I?
- Trading position remained fairly weak after the civil war
- Nobles managed to gain more grants from the royals and began to bribe officials
- Many noble had given substantial loans to the crown with interest payments, so the monarchs were indebted to many nobles
- during the 1490s no duties were collected from salt or sheep.
126
What % of Revenue came from ordinary taxes compared to Extraordinary taxes throughout Isabella's reign?
Early part of reign only 30% of CastilianH revenue came from extraordinary taxes
While in the latter years of her reign 70% came from Extraordinary sources
127
How much did revenue from the church increase by?
Revenue from the churches cruzada tax doubled through Isabella's reign to 112 million maravedis.
128
Give some specific examples of Royal expenditure?
Catherine of Aragon's trip to England to court Arthur Tudor costed a staggering 60million maravedis
from 1495 - 1504 military expenditure accounted for 500 million maravedis
by 1504 31 million maravedis had been spent on royal residencies
129
Give some specific examples of Royal expenditure?
Catherine of Aragon's trip to England to court Henry VIII costed a staggering 60million maravedis
from 1495 - 1504 military expenditure accounted for 500 million maravedis
by 1504 31 million maravedis had been spent on royal residencies
130
What were the main Social issues F+I faced?
Issues with the church
Issues with nobility
Issues with Urban communities
Issues with peasants
131
What were the main social issues of the church?
Church income was over 6 million ducats
Church had too much military power
Potential for the pope to interfere with Spain
To reduce the churches perceived corruption
132
How did F+I attempt to reduce the pope's power and influence in Spain?
F+I granted papal bull giving them a monopoly over missionary control in America
F+I were granted pope's approval to make church appointments in Granada and the Canaries
Ecclesiastical council of Seville made it so F+I could appoint whoever they wanted to as bishops
In the new world F+I could also appoint and dismiss clergy as well as having control over taxes
133
How was the churches financial and Military power reduced?
The crown assured that all bishops how were appointed were not noble and therefore less powerful and likely to engage in a war
The monarchs were granted a pal bull giving them full control over missionary activity in the new world
Crown gained control over the churches cruzada tax
Isabella successfully ordered the arch bishop of Toledo to hand all fortresses to the crown.
134
What were the social issues with the nobility?
Nobles had been given increased freedom and autonomy under the rule of John II and Henry IV
Periods of civil war like the Catalan civil war and the war of succession saw the nobles hold a lot of power and influence
Nobility had large private armies, incomes and fortresses
Increased Intractability of the Cortes (harder and harder to govern)
135
What were the stick methods of controlling the nobility?
Troublesome nobles were arrested and had their property and castles confiscated or burned
In he Cortes of Toledo 1480, the crown recovered all land lost to the nobles in the war of succession since 1464, with many being compensated with land in the Newley conquest Grenada
Coastal cities of Cadiz and Cartagena were returned back to the crown
Nobles were forbidden from making new castles or private armies.
136
What were the 'carrot' methods of controlling the nobility?
F+I encouraged the nobles to spend time at the royal court
Opportunities were given for them to fight in foreign warts
New rewards and titles were offered
The crown supported the nobles remaining wealthy through the Mayorazgo, Which forbade the sale or division of land and allowed all property to pass from one generation to the next without being broken up between family disputes (all went to eldest son)
137
How well were the nobles controlled in Aragon?
Due to Fueros, Control by the Viceroys and local aristocratic tradition was a allowed to continue.
138
What were the issues with the peasantries?
Hardly any peasants owned land, but most of them were free, but there was some traditional serfdom in Galicia, but there will still fears they would revolt.
139
What was done about peasants?
Very little was done with one exception in Catalonia:
After civil unrest in Catalonia from 1485-1486, Ferdinand introduced The 'Sentence of Guadeloupe' Which identified and removed the 'six evil customs' giving peasants more freedom and liberty, it laid out contractual obligations between tenants and landlords. However, the Peasants were expected to pay for their rebellion, and the uprising caused nothing to resolve economic inequalities.
140
What were the Largest towns in Spain at the time?
Seville and Granada both biggest with around 50,000 people in the 1480s (both in Castile)
Followed by Toledo and Valencia both with 30,00 each.
141
Who in society mainly lived in towns?
Those who were neither nobles nor peasants, namely merchants, clerics or other professions.
142
What made urban communities a genuine political force?
The Santa Hermandad as it incorporated towns that were outside the sphere of influence of the Castilian Cortes.
143
How rich were the military orders?
They had a combined wealth equal to all of Naples
144
Where were the two realms Foreign policy aims targeted at?
Castile and Isabella interests lay in the new world, While Ferdinand's and Aragon's lay in the Mediterranean.
145
Who was the driving factor behind Spain's Foreign policy?
Ferdinand used both Castile and Aragon's Resources to pursue and advance his foreign policy.
146
Who were the 3 Key expolrers of F+I's time?
Christopher Columbus
Vasco nunez de Balboa
Amergio Vespuci
147
When did Columbus discover the American Continent?
In 1492, Columbus discovers the Caribbean when trying to find a route west to the east indies.
148
What are the key dates and events relating to the new world?
1492 - Columbus discovers the carribean
1493 – Columbus establishes a base on Hispaniola (Haiti)
1500 – 1,000 Spanish settlers occupying Hispaniola (Haiti)
1502-04 – Columbus’ final expedition taking him to mainland South America
1504 – Cortés arrives in Hispaniola
1507 – The ‘New World’ or Mondus Novus starts to be called America after Amerigo Vespucci
1508 – Puerto Rico comes under Spanish rule
1511 – Royal High Commission established in Santa Domingo (Hispaniola)
1511 – Cuba comes under Spanish rule
1511 – Royal High Commission established in Santa Domingo (Hispaniola)
1524 - Council of indies set up
149
What papal bull was crucial in giving Spain power over new lands?
1493 – Inter Caetera, Papal bull granting Spain the right to newly discovered lands
150
What gave seville a monopoly over trade in the new world?
1503 – House of Trade established in Seville, headed by Amerigo Vespucci
151
What are key dates and figures relating to Gran canaria?
1478 – Spain invades and takes control of Gran Canaria, it become sa crucial home base for future expidentions into the new world
152
How did Castilian and Aragonese Foreign policy aims conflict and examples?
Despite Castile being the more powerful, Foreign policy generally followed Aragonese and Catalan priorities, which went against traditional Castilian aims, For example The Aragonese stance was very anti French (who Aragon historically had a rivalry with due to their large shared border) while castile was united with France against England in the 100 years war,
Also Aragon had foreign affairs in Italian city states, while Castile historically showed no interest in them and was more concerned with North Africa.
153
Who did Ferdinand seek alliances with and why?
He seeked alliances with England Brittany and Burgundy as well as Navarre Roussillon and cerdagne, as they wanted full control over the western Mediterranean and to prevent France from attacking Italian city states (and to drive back ottomans)
154
What was one of the ways that Ferdinand improved relations with other nations (not matrimonial alliances) ?
He employed residnet ambassafors abroad to
- the papal
- Venetian courts
- English courts
- Imperial courts
155
What was a key way Ferdinand created alliances with other nations?
Matrimonial alliances
156
How were matrimonial alliances used to create an alliance with Portugal?
F+I's oldest daughter Isabella married Manuel of Portugal. when Isabella (daughter) died, F+I's fourth daughter Maria married Manuel the same year, proving the importance of this relationship.
157
How were matrimonial alliances crucial in improving relations with the Habsburgs?
Their son John married Margaret of Austria
| Their daughter Juana Married Archduke Phillip
158
How were matrimonial alliances important in allying with England?
Their youngest daughter Catherine of Aragon was betrothed to Henry VII's oldest son Arthur in 1479, when Catherine was 3
After Arthur died, Henry VIII and Catherine were betrothed almost immediately, highlighting the importance of the alliance, it also costed 60 million Maravedis.
159
What were important foreign policy developments in France Under F+I?
Roussillon and Cerdagne were secured from France after the treaty of Barcelona in 1493,
Ferdinand gained Navarre by reinforcing his claim, to the throne with an army led by the duke of Alba, Navarre was owned by Aragon for 3 years, before being transferred to Castile, The Navarrese privileges were kept an the Cortes their continued to function.
160
What were Important foreign policy devlopments in Africa?
```
After Conquering Granada, Ferdinand was eager to attack the north African coast to give further protection to the kingdom, he saw some success in the capturing of exclaves of:
- Mers-el Kebir 1505
- port of Oran 1509
- Bougie 1510
- Tripoli 1510
-Algiers 1510
and the fortress of penon de Velez.
```
161
What were the impacts of the capturing of North African outpost/exclaves?
Ferdinand and Cisneros fall out as Ferdinand refuses to support Cisneros's ambitions to drive further into the African mainland
Greatly strengthened Spanish control of the Med
162
What was an important development in the Med involving the ottomans?
Castile sent over 70 ships in an alliance with a venetian fleet expel the ottomans from oranto in 1481 which helped strengthen Sicily's security
Castilians also expelled ottomans from Cephalonia in the fortress of st George
163
How did Ferdinand capture Naples?
Ferdinand managed to conquer Naples by organising a holy league against France on the pretext he was supporting his brother in law king farrentell of Naples, when he actually wanted it for himself
Charles the VIII of France then invaded Naples in 1495 and Ferdinand secured a matrimonial alliance between Juana and Emperor Maximillian who had recently claimed Milan
Fighting renewed over Naples in 1500, And the French were driven out following French defeats at ceringola and Gagliano, and as a result Ferdinand was secured as king of Naples .
164
What was the treaty of Blois?
in 1505 the treaty of Blois was signed, Louis XIII gave up his claims to Naples, giving them to Germaine de Foix who married Ferdinand that year, the acquisition of Naples brought Spain closer to the ottomans and involved them in Italian affairs.
165
Why were F+I interested in the new world?
Extraction of minerals and raw materials for economic and commercial reasons
It was becoming harder to progress through the med and North Africa because of the Ottomans
166
Why were F+I interested in the new world?
Extraction of minerals and raw materials for economic and commercial reasons
It was becoming harder to progress through the med and North Africa because of the Ottomans
Religious motivations to spread Christianity.
