Philippine society Flashcards
“En cada fraile tenia el rey en Filipinas un capitan general y un ejercito entero”
“In each friar in the Philippines, they had a captain and a whole army” Mexican Viceroy
Father of Philippine Journalism
He tried to marshal the nationalist sentiment of the enlightened Filipino ilustrados, or bourgeoisie, against Spanish imperialism.
Marcelo H. del Pilar
la soberania monacal
frailocracia
monastic supremacy
frarocracy
Even____________between the colonizers and the locals was (quite literally) centered around _________
assimilation, religion
The _______ and the __________were ordered to collect all the scattered Filipinos together
missionaries, encomenderos
w/ the convento/casa real/plaza complex as the focal point/center
reduccion (resettlement)
christian rites and rituals were used to attract the locals
Processions
Songs
Candle-lights
Clothing of Saints
Festivals Sinakulo (passion play)
Muslim conflict drama (moromoro)
By _______ there are _________ Christians in the Philippines
1892
6,158,250
one of Rizal’s closest confidants
he translated a chapter of the latter’s first book, Noli Me Tangere, into German and wrote the preface to Rizal’s second book, El filibusterismo, although he was against its publication as he believed that it would lead to Rizal’s death
Ferdinand Blumentritt
As for those unbaptized which he coined as “________________” and those of Muslim faith,___________, he claims that they cannot be under 500,000 nor exceed a million
“heathens”, mohammedans
what are the external changes for architecture
Construction of colonial churches and convents made of stone.
The building of private homes of cal y canto (lime and mortar)
water reservoirs (aljibes)
external changes for specimens
Ethnobotanic specimens like fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs
external changes in terms of clothing
kanggan and bahag (loincloth) were transformed into the barong tagalog or camisa chinoand trousers
baro and saya for women - mestizo dress
one of the internal changes that is related to literature
Cultural Exchange
Theocentric literature appeared as soon as the Spaniards settled in the form of:
Awit, Corrido, and Metrical romances (narrative poems)
General art was also propagated with Printmaking and Engraving being a few of what Filipinos were known for
one of the internal changes that is related to school
Education
Professors taught students: literature, chemistry, metaphysiscs, mathematics, biology, pharmacy and theology
Female education: music, the piano, painting, drawing, embroidery, artificial flower-making, dressmaking, hair-dressing, lacemaking laundry work, sewing
Though education was not at all accessible until the ________
educational decree of 1863
“The Church has long proved to be, on the whole, by much the most cheap and efficacious instrument of good government and ordereven the common
People learn reading by its aid, so much at least as to enable them to read their prayerbooks and other religious manuals. There are very few Indians who are unable to read,
and I have always observed that the Manila men serving on board ships and forming their crew have been much often able to subscribe their names to the ship’s articles than the British seamen on board the same vessels could do.”
General Literacy + Religious Indoctrination
- Blumentritt 1896
“Wingfield came across a Dominican missionary who apologized for his bad Spanish, on the ground that having lived continuously for eighteen years with the natives, speaking Visaya the whole time, he had almost forgotten his own tongue.”
Language exchange
- The friars of the philippines
“The early missionaries in the Philippines as those in Mexico were prone to regard the ancient writings equally with the objects used in such worship as was practiced by the native people as works of the evil one, they ruthlessly destroyed these signs of culture whenever and wherever found.”
- James Robertson
Name Changes
Filipinos had to adopt Hispanic names as decreed by
Governor Narciso Claverfa
Themes for hispanic names:
saints
indigenous&chinese patronymics
Flora and Fauna
geographical names
arts
Only regular fleet service in the Pacific Ocean for 250 years. Two vessels one outgoing, one incoming Took around 200 days for its trips
The Acapulco Galleon
Connections between other countries were strenghtened:
Americas - Virgin of Antipolo, patroness of sailors China - Manton de Manila
Encomienda system
Encomendar - __________
An “_____________” is entrusted to take care of “souls” in a territory.
They are given control over areas of land and the indigenous people on said land
“to entrust”
“encomendero”
getting Hispanic institution
Revenue
Two kinds of encomiendas existed in the Philippines
The royal or crown (realenga or encomienda de la real corona)
The private (encomienda de particulares)
These encomiendas were directly controlled and owned by the Spanish crown or the monarchy. These encomiendas were directly controlled and owned by the Spanish crown or the monarchy.
The royal or crown (realenga or encomienda de la real corona)
were granted to private individuals or entities, such as Spanish settlers, conquistadors, or other colonial officials
The private (encomienda de particulares)
Some Filipinos actually ended up being Encomiendas
Francisco Liwag 55 tributes
Juan de Macapagal 300 tributes
were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos ranging from ______________, who were obligated to give personal service to community project
drafted laborers (polistas)
16 to 69 years old
___________OR __________
The Falla was to be paid daily at a rate of __________
forty days of labor, payment of “falla”
1 1/2
Why the Encomienda system was damaging:
*Raising rate of tribute for profit
*Artificial inflation through hoarding staple items like rice and clothing materials to sell at higher rates
*No set collection, so encomenderos collected based on scarcity
*Many filipinos died of starvation
*Resistance was met with public flogging, torture, and jail time.
Why the Polo system was damaging:
*Labor drafts coincided with planting and harvesting seasons
*Forced separation from family
*Relocation to places, sometimes outside the Philippines
*Decimation of male population
Why the Galleon was damaging:
*Neglect of native industries like agriculture
*Crafting industries related to local culture was ruined and disregarded
*Mostly benefitted privileged Spaniards
Spanish Governor, consulado, insulares, spanish residents
*Money which could have been used for development and welfare was funneled back into galleon trade
*Most of the Filipino involvement was mostly in construction of galleons and other labor work
Taxation without Representation
-generating mechanisms were introduced by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
Income
types of income (?)
*direct
*indirect
*monopolies
these are personal tribute and income tax
direct
these are customs duties and the bandala
indirect taxes
these are spirituous liquors & special crops
monopolies
____________ may be paid in cash or kind, partly or wholly as the following:
buwis (tribute)
palay, tobacco, chickens, textiles, wax
gold, blankets, cotton, rice, bells
1 real=
tribute=
diezmos prediales (tithes)=
town community chest=
Sanctorum tax for church=
total of:
10 reales
1 real
1 real
3 real
15 reales
A special tax of 1/2 real or rice was collected to crush Moro raids and to equip Vintas to protect coastal areas
Tax exemptions
*Chiefly class which aided in the pacification campaigns
*Laborers of the arsenal and artillery yard of Cavite *Filipinos with medical experience
*Vaccinators and College students of certain universities
The Tribute was replaced by the
Cedula, a personal identity paper
As such, this is what makes the ripping of Cedula so significant during the Philippine Revolution
a physical gesture of their defiance to the Spanish government
pyramid of social hierarchy
Peninsulares
Insulares
Spanish Mestizos
Prinicipalia
Chinese Mestizos
Chinese
Indios
From ____________, the Philippines was a ___________ administered by the Spanish king through the _______________ (Mexico)
1565 to 1821
capitancy-general
viceroyalty of nueva españa (mexico)
established in 1524 by Charles V.
Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies)
was the source of civil power for the various levels of administration
governor-general
Only a Spaniard could be an alcalde mayor or a corregidor. He exercised multiple prerogatives as
judge,
inspector of en- comiendas,
chief of police,
tribute collector, and
even vice-regal patron and
captain-general of the province
The annual salary of an alcalde mayor
*before 1844
*after 1847
*in 1840
1844- ₱300-₱2,000
1847- ₱1,600-₱1,500
1840- ₱50,000
