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MASTS REVIEW > PHILIPPINE HISTORY > Flashcards

PHILIPPINE HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Q: What is the term for the early Philippine writing system?
    A: Baybayin
  2. Q: Who were the indigenous people that lived in the Philippines before Spanish colonization?
    A: Negritos or Aetas
  3. Q: What is the traditional form of government in pre-colonial Philippines?
    A: Barangay
  4. Q: Who were the local chieftains that ruled the barangays?
    A: Datus
  5. Q: What was the name of the early Filipino epic about the hero Lam-ang?
    A: Biag ni Lam-ang
  6. Q: What is the name of the indigenous animistic religion in the Philippines?
    A: Anito or animism
  7. Q: What is the name of the Filipino wooden pestle used for rice pounding?
    A: Lusong
  8. Q: What term describes traditional Filipino tattooing?
    A: Batok
  9. Q: Which ancient artifact found in Butuan dates back to 320 AD?
    A: The Butuan Balangay
  10. Q: What early form of government in the Philippines involves council meetings among datus?
    A: Sanduguan
A

Pre-colonial Period

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2
Q

What is the term for the early Philippine writing system?

A

Baybayin

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3
Q

Who were the indigenous people that lived in the Philippines before Spanish colonization?

A

Negritos or Aetas

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4
Q

What is the traditional form of government in pre-colonial Philippines?

A

Barangay

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5
Q

Who were the local chieftains that ruled the barangays?

A

Datus

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6
Q

What was the name of the early Filipino epic about the hero Lam-ang?

A

Biag ni Lam-ang

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7
Q

What is the name of the indigenous animistic religion in the Philippines?
A:

A

Anito or animism

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8
Q

What term describes traditional Filipino tattooing?

A

Batok

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9
Q

Which ancient artifact found in Butuan dates back to 320 AD?

A

The Butuan Balangay

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10
Q

What early form of government in the Philippines involves council meetings among datus?

A

Sanduguan

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11
Q

What early form of government in the Philippines involves council meetings among datus?

A

Sanduguan

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12
Q
  1. Q: What is the name of the Filipino wooden pestle used for rice pounding?
A

A: Lusong

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13
Q
  1. Q: Who led the first Spanish expedition to the Philippines?
    A: Ferdinand Magellan
  2. Q: In what year did Magellan arrive in the Philippines?
    A: 1521
  3. Q: Where was Magellan killed?
    A: Mactan
  4. Q: Who was the ruler of Mactan who defeated Magellan?
    A: Lapu-Lapu
  5. Q: What was the name of the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines?
    A: Cebu
  6. Q: Who established Manila as the capital of the Philippines?
    A: Miguel López de Legazpi
  7. Q: What was the name of the Filipino-Greek mestizo priest executed in 1872?
    A: Fr. Jose Burgos
  8. Q: What were the three Filipino priests who led the secularization movement called?
    A: Gomburza
  9. Q: What Spanish decree forced Filipinos to provide labor for public works?
    A: Polo y Servicio
  10. Q: What was the term for Filipino resistance groups against Spanish rule?
    A: Katipunan
A

Spanish Colonial Period

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14
Q

Who led the first Spanish expedition to the Philippines?

A

A: Ferdinand Magellan

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15
Q

In what year did Magellan arrive in the Philippines?

A

1521

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16
Q

Where was Magellan killed?

A

Mactan

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17
Q

Who was the ruler of Mactan who defeated Magellan?

A

Lapu-Lapu

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18
Q

What was the name of the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines?

A

Cebu

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19
Q

Who established Manila as the capital of the Philippines?

A

Miguel López de Legazpi

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20
Q
  1. Q: What was the name of the Filipino-Greek mestizo priest executed in 1872?
A

Fr. Jose Burgos

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21
Q

What were the three Filipino priests who led the secularization movement called?

A

Gomburza

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22
Q

What Spanish decree forced Filipinos to provide labor for public works?

A

Polo y Servicio

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23
Q

What was the term for Filipino resistance groups against Spanish rule?

A

Katipunan

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24
Q

What was the term for Filipino resistance groups against Spanish rule?

A

Katipunan

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25
Q
  1. Q: Who founded the Katipunan in 1892?
    A: Andres Bonifacio
  2. Q: What is the pen name of Jose Rizal?
    A: Laong Laan and Dimasalang
  3. Q: What is the title of Jose Rizal’s first novel?
    A: Noli Me Tangere
  4. Q: Who was the first President of the Philippines?
    A: Emilio Aguinaldo
  5. Q: Where was the Philippine Declaration of Independence proclaimed?
    A: Kawit, Cavite
  6. Q: What is the date of Philippine Independence from Spain?
    A: June 12, 1898
  7. Q: Who was the leader of the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan?
    A: Emilio Aguinaldo
  8. Q: What was the name of the secret meeting place of the Katipunan in Manila?
    A: The Katipunan’s “Tejeros Convention”
  9. Q: Who was known as the “Father of the Philippine Revolution”?
    A: Andres Bonifacio
  10. Q: Who designed the first Philippine flag?
    A: Marcela Agoncillo
A

Philippine Revolution

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26
Q

Who founded the Katipunan in 1892?

A

Andres Bonifacio

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27
Q

What is the pen name of Jose Rizal?

A

Laong Laan and Dimasalang

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28
Q

What is the pen name of Jose Rizal?

A

Laong Laan and Dimasalang

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29
Q

What is the title of Jose Rizal’s first novel?

A

Noli Me Tangere

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30
Q

Who was the first President of the Philippines?

A

Emilio Aguinaldo

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31
Q

Who was the first President of the Philippines?

A

Emilio Aguinaldo

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32
Q

Where was the Philippine Declaration of Independence proclaimed?
A:

A

Kawit, Cavite

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33
Q

What is the date of Philippine Independence from Spain?

A

June 12, 1898

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34
Q

Who was the leader of the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan?

A

Emilio Aguinaldo

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35
Q

Who was the leader of the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan?

A

Emilio Aguinaldo

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36
Q

What was the name of the secret meeting place of the Katipunan in Manila?

A

The Katipunan’s “Tejeros Convention”

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37
Q

What was the name of the secret meeting place of the Katipunan in Manila?

A

The Katipunan’s “Tejeros Convention”

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38
Q

Who was known as the “Father of the Philippine Revolution”?

A

Andres Bonifacio

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39
Q

Who was known as the “Father of the Philippine Revolution”?

A

Andres Bonifacio

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40
Q

Who designed the first Philippine flag?

A

Marcela Mariño de Agoncillo

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41
Q

Who designed the first Philippine flag?

A

Marcela Agoncillo

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42
Q

Who designed the first Philippine flag?

A

Marcela Agoncillo

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43
Q
  1. Q: In what treaty did Spain cede the Philippines to the United States?
    A: Treaty of Paris (1898)
  2. Q: Who was the first American civil governor of the Philippines?
    A: William Howard Taft
  3. Q: Who was the Filipino general who resisted American colonization in Mindanao?
    A: General Miguel Malvar
  4. Q: What was the name of the Philippine-American War’s longest battle?
    A: Battle of Tirad Pass
  5. Q: When did the Philippine-American War officially end?
    A: July 4, 1902
  6. Q: What act officially established the Philippine Assembly?
    A: Philippine Organic Act of 1902
  7. Q: Who was the Filipino nationalist senator known for his speech, “A Call for Filipino Unity”?
    A: Claro M. Recto
  8. Q: What educational system was established during the American period?
    A: The public school system
  9. Q: Who was the first female senator of the Philippines?
    A: Geronima Pecson
  10. Q: When was the Tydings-McDuffie Act passed?
    A: 1934
A

American Colonial Period

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44
Q
  1. Q: When did the Japanese forces occupy the Philippines?
    A: 1942
  2. Q: Who led the Japanese-sponsored government during World War II?
    A: Jose P. Laurel
  3. Q: What was the name of the Filipino guerrilla resistance group?
    A: Hukbalahap (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
  4. Q: What infamous event occurred on April 9, 1942, involving Filipino and American soldiers?
    A: The Bataan Death March
  5. Q: Who led the return of American forces to the Philippines in 1944?
    A: General Douglas MacArthur
  6. Q: In which Philippine city did General MacArthur land upon his return?
    A: Leyte
  7. Q: What was the code name for the U.S. invasion of the Philippines in 1944?
    A: Operation Musketeer
  8. Q: When did Manila achieve its liberation from Japanese forces?
    A: February 1945
  9. Q: Who served as president of the Philippine Commonwealth government during World War II?
    A: Manuel L. Quezon
  10. Q: What was the capital city declared by the Japanese government during their occupation?
    A: Baguio
A

Japanese Occupation

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45
Q
  1. Q: When did the Philippines gain independence from the United States?
    A: July 4, 1946
  2. Q: Who was the first president of the Third Philippine Republic?
    A: Manuel Roxas
  3. Q: Which treaty established the military bases of the United States in the Philippines?
    A: Military Bases Agreement of 1947
  4. Q: What is the name of the agreement that closed U.S. bases in the Philippines in 1991?
    A: Philippine Senate Resolution No. 1259
  5. Q: Who succeeded Manuel Roxas as president after his death in 1948?
    A: Elpidio Quirino
  6. Q: Who was the first president to serve in the Fourth Republic of the Philippines?
    A: Ferdinand Marcos
  7. Q: What year was Martial Law declared by Ferdinand Marcos?
    A: 1972
  8. Q: When did the EDSA People Power Revolution take place?
    A: February 1986
  9. Q: Who was the first female president of the Philippines?
    A: Corazon Aquino
  10. Q: Who was the president of the Philippines during the Philippine Centennial in 1998?
    A: Fidel V. Ramos
A

Post-War and Independence

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46
Q
  1. Q: When did the Philippines gain independence from the United States?
    A: July 4, 1946
  2. Q: Who was the first president of the Third Philippine Republic?
    A: Manuel Roxas
  3. Q: Which treaty established the military bases of the United States in the Philippines?
    A: Military Bases Agreement of 1947
  4. Q: What is the name of the agreement that closed U.S. bases in the Philippines in 1991?
    A: Philippine Senate Resolution No. 1259
  5. Q: Who succeeded Manuel Roxas as president after his death in 1948?
    A: Elpidio Quirino
  6. Q: Who was the first president to serve in the Fourth Republic of the Philippines?
    A: Ferdinand Marcos
  7. Q: What year was Martial Law declared by Ferdinand Marcos?
    A: 1972
  8. Q: When did the EDSA People Power Revolution take place?
    A: February 1986
  9. Q: Who was the first female president of the Philippines?
    A: Corazon Aquino
  10. Q: Who was the president of the Philippines during the Philippine Centennial in 1998?
    A: Fidel V. Ramos
A

Post-War and Independence

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47
Q
  1. Q: When did Mount Pinatubo erupt, causing global effects?
    A: 1991
  2. Q: Who succeeded Corazon Aquino as president in 1992?
    A: Fidel V. Ramos
  3. Q: When was the Republic Act 7941 or Party-List System Act passed?
    A: 1995
  4. Q: Who was the Philippine president impeached in 2001?
    A: Joseph Estrada
  5. Q: When did the Philippines file an arbitration case against China over the South China Sea?
    A: 2013
  6. Q: Who was elected as president of the Philippines in 2016?
    A: Rodrigo Duterte
  7. Q: Which is the official government entity responsible for preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the Philippines?
    A: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)
  8. Q: What was the outcome of the Philippines’ arbitration case against China in 2016?
    A: The Philippines won; China’s claims were invalidated.
  9. Q: Who was the first vice president of the Philippines elected independently of the president?
    A: Elpidio Quirino
  10. Q: What year did the Philippines withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC)?
    A: 2019
A

Modern History and Key Events

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48
Q
  1. Q: When did Mount Pinatubo erupt, causing global effects?
    A: 1991
  2. Q: Who succeeded Corazon Aquino as president in 1992?
    A: Fidel V. Ramos
  3. Q: When was the Republic Act 7941 or Party-List System Act passed?
    A: 1995
  4. Q: Who was the Philippine president impeached in 2001?
    A: Joseph Estrada
  5. Q: When did the Philippines file an arbitration case against China over the South China Sea?
    A: 2013
  6. Q: Who was elected as president of the Philippines in 2016?
    A: Rodrigo Duterte
  7. Q: Which is the official government entity responsible for preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the Philippines?
    A: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)
  8. Q: What was the outcome of the Philippines’ arbitration case against China in 2016?
    A: The Philippines won; China’s claims were invalidated.
  9. Q: Who was the first vice president of the Philippines elected independently of the president?
    A: Elpidio Quirino
  10. Q: What year did the Philippines withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC)?
    A: 2019
A

Modern History and Key Events

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49
Q
  1. Q: In what treaty did Spain cede the Philippines to the United States?
A

A: Treaty of Paris (1898)

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50
Q

In what treaty did Spain cede the Philippines to the United States?

A

A: Treaty of Paris (1898)

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51
Q

Who was the first American civil governor of the Philippines?

A

A: William Howard Taft

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52
Q

Who was the Filipino general who resisted American colonization in Mindanao?

A

A: General Miguel Malvar

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53
Q

What was the name of the Philippine-American War’s longest battle?

A

A: Battle of Tirad Pass

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54
Q

What was the name of the Philippine-American War’s longest battle?

A

A: Battle of Tirad Pass

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55
Q

When did the Philippine-American War officially end?

A

July 4, 1902

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56
Q

When did the Philippine-American War officially end?

A

July 4, 1902

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57
Q
  1. Q: What act officially established the Philippine Assembly?
A

A: Philippine Organic Act of 1902

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58
Q
  1. Q: What act officially established the Philippine Assembly?
A

A: Philippine Organic Act of 1902

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59
Q
  1. Q: Who was the Filipino nationalist senator known for his speech, “A Call for Filipino Unity”?
A

A: Claro M. Recto

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60
Q
  1. Q: Who was the Filipino nationalist senator known for his speech, “A Call for Filipino Unity”?
A

A: Claro M. Recto

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61
Q
  1. Q: What educational system was established during the American period?
A

A: The public school system

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62
Q
  1. Q: What educational system was established during the American period?
A

A: The public school system

63
Q
  1. Q: Who was the first female senator of the Philippines?
A

A: Geronima Pecson

64
Q
  1. Q: Who was the first female senator of the Philippines?
A

A: Geronima Pecson

65
Q
  1. Q: When was the Tydings-McDuffie Act passed?
A

A: 1934

66
Q

When did the Japanese forces occupy the Philippines?

A

1942

67
Q

When did the Japanese forces occupy the Philippines?

A

1942

68
Q

Q: Who led the Japanese-sponsored government during World War II?

A

A: Jose P. Laurel

69
Q

Q: What was the name of the Filipino guerrilla resistance group?

A

A: Hukbalahap (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon)

70
Q

Q: What was the name of the Filipino guerrilla resistance group?

A

A: Hukbalahap (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon)

71
Q

What infamous event occurred on April 9, 1942, involving Filipino and American soldiers?

A

A: The Bataan Death March

72
Q

Who led the return of American forces to the Philippines in 1944?

A

A: General Douglas MacArthur

73
Q

Who led the return of American forces to the Philippines in 1944?

A

A: General Douglas MacArthur

74
Q

In which Philippine city did General MacArthur land upon his return?

A

A: Leyte

75
Q

In which Philippine city did General MacArthur land upon his return?

A

A: Leyte

76
Q

What was the code name for the U.S. invasion of the Philippines in 1944?

A

A: Operation Musketeer

77
Q

When did Manila achieve its liberation from Japanese forces?

A

A: February 1945

78
Q

Who served as president of the Philippine Commonwealth government during World War II?

A

A: Manuel L. Quezon

79
Q

Who served as president of the Philippine Commonwealth government during World War II?

A

A: Manuel L. Quezon

80
Q

What was the capital city declared by the Japanese government during their occupation?

A

A: Baguio

81
Q

What was the capital city declared by the Japanese government during their occupation?

A

A: Baguio

82
Q

When did the Philippines gain independence from the United States?

A

A: July 4, 1946

83
Q

When did the Philippines gain independence from the United States?

A

A: July 4, 1946

84
Q

Who was the first president of the Third Philippine Republic?

A

A: Manuel Roxas

85
Q

Who was the first president of the Third Philippine Republic?

A

A: Manuel Roxas

86
Q

Which treaty established the military bases of the United States in the Philippines?

A

A: Military Bases Agreement of 1947

87
Q

Which treaty established the military bases of the United States in the Philippines?

A

A: Military Bases Agreement of 1947

88
Q

What is the name of the agreement that closed U.S. bases in the Philippines in 1991?

A

A: Philippine Senate Resolution No. 1259

89
Q

Who succeeded Manuel Roxas as president after his death in 1948?

A

A: Elpidio Quirino

90
Q

Who was the first president to serve in the Fourth Republic of the Philippines?

A

A: Ferdinand Marcos

91
Q

Who was the first president to serve in the Fourth Republic of the Philippines?

A

A: Ferdinand Marcos

92
Q

What year was Martial Law declared by Ferdinand Marcos?

A

A: 1972

93
Q

When did the EDSA People Power Revolution take place?

A

A: February 1986

94
Q

When did the EDSA People Power Revolution take place?

A

A: February 1986

95
Q

Who was the first female president of the Philippines?

A

A: Corazon Aquino

96
Q

Who was the first female president of the Philippines?

A

A: Corazon Aquino

97
Q

Who was the president of the Philippines during the Philippine Centennial in 1998?

A

A: Fidel V. Ramos

98
Q

Who was the president of the Philippines during the Philippine Centennial in 1998?

A

A: Fidel V. Ramos

99
Q

When did Mount Pinatubo erupt, causing global effects?

A

A: 1991

100
Q

Who succeeded Corazon Aquino as president in 1992?

A

A: Fidel V. Ramos

101
Q

Who succeeded Corazon Aquino as president in 1992?

A

A: Fidel V. Ramos

102
Q
  1. Q: When was the Republic Act 7941 or Party-List System Act passed?
A

A: 1995

103
Q
  1. Q: Who was the Philippine president impeached in 2001?
A

A: Joseph Estrada

104
Q
  1. Q: Who was the Philippine president impeached in 2001?
A

A: Joseph Estrada

105
Q
  1. Q: When did the Philippines file an arbitration case against China over the South China Sea?
A

A: 2013

106
Q
  1. Q: When did the Philippines file an arbitration case against China over the South China Sea?
A

A: 2013

107
Q
  1. Q: Who was elected as president of the Philippines in 2016?
A

A: Rodrigo Duterte

108
Q
  1. Q: Who was elected as president of the Philippines in 2016?
A

A: Rodrigo Duterte

109
Q
  1. Q: Which is the official government entity responsible for preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the Philippines?
A

A: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)

110
Q
  1. Q: Which is the official government entity responsible for preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the Philippines?
A

A: National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)

111
Q
  1. Q: What was the outcome of the Philippines’ arbitration case against China in 2016?
A

A: The Philippines won; China’s claims were invalidated.

112
Q
  1. Q: Who was the first vice president of the Philippines elected independently of the president?
A

A: Elpidio Quirino

113
Q
  1. Q: Who was the first vice president of the Philippines elected independently of the president?
A

A: Elpidio Quirino

114
Q
  1. Q: What year did the Philippines withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC)?
A

A: 2019

115
Q

What artifact found in Laguna dates back to the 9th century and contains the earliest known written language in the Philippines?

A

Laguna Copperplate Inscription

116
Q

Which pre-colonial kingdom, mentioned in Chinese records, traded with the Chinese in the 10th century and is believed to have been located in present-day Manila Bay?

A

Kingdom of Tondo

117
Q

Who was the ruler of Manila that opposed Spanish colonization and initially resisted Miguel López de Legazpi in 1571?

A

Rajah Sulayman

118
Q

What was the indigenous religion in Visayas known as before the Spanish arrival, centered around the worship of spirits and nature deities?

A

Anitism or Visayan Animism

119
Q

Which ancient kingdom in what is now the Visayas was believed to have established trade relations with the Srivijaya Empire?

A

Kingdom of Butuan

120
Q

Who led the first recorded revolt against Spanish rule in 1574 in Pampanga and was executed for his actions?

A

Lakandula

121
Q

Which 17th-century revolt in Ilocos was led by a mestizo, resisting Spanish oppression due to forced labor and tribute?

A

Revolt of Diego Silang

122
Q

Which region saw the longest-running revolt in Philippine history, led by the Moro people who resisted Spanish and American colonization for over 300 years?

A

Mindanao (specifically the Moro region)

123
Q

Which Philippine province was the site of the uprising led by Francisco Dagohoy, the longest revolt in Philippine history?

A

Bohol

124
Q

In 1762, the British briefly occupied Manila during which conflict that impacted the Philippines despite being primarily a European war?

A

Seven Years’ War

125
Q

Who wrote the original draft of the Malolos Constitution?

A

Felipe Calderón

126
Q

What was the term for the elite members of Philippine society who often collaborated with the Spanish and then the Americans during colonization?

A

Illustrados

127
Q

Who was the leader of the revolutionary forces in Cavite and the original president of the Philippine revolutionary government before Emilio Aguinaldo?

A

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro

128
Q

What was the name of the newspaper that Andres Bonifacio used to communicate revolutionary ideas?

A

Kalayaan

129
Q

Who was the youngest general in the Philippine Revolutionary Army, often referred to as the ‘Hero of Tirad Pass’?

A

General Gregorio del Pilar

130
Q

Where did Emilio Aguinaldo retreat and later surrender to American forces, marking the end of the Philippine-American War?

A

Palanan, Isabela

131
Q

Who was the Kapampangan military leader that resisted American forces after Aguinaldo’s capture, making him one of the last Filipino generals to surrender?

A

General Miguel Malvar

132
Q

Who was the first Filipino resident commissioner to the United States during the American colonial period?

A

Benito Legarda

133
Q

What significant education act was passed in 1901, marking the start of the public education system under American rule?

A

Act No. 74

134
Q

Which Filipino nationalist is remembered for advocating ‘Filipino First’ economic policies and inspired the 1957 nationalist movement?

A

Claro M. Recto

135
Q

What landmark case ruled that Filipino nationals were not U.S. citizens but were ‘nationals,’ affecting their immigration rights?

A

Insular Cases

136
Q

What was the first state university established in the Philippines by the Americans?

A

University of the Philippines (1908)

137
Q

What was the name of the organization formed by Filipinos in the United States to resist U.S. colonization?

A

Philippine Independence Mission

138
Q

What act signed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1934 promised Philippine independence within ten years?

A

Tydings-McDuffie Act

139
Q

Who led the underground Filipino intelligence network known as the ‘Hunters ROTC Guerrillas’ during the Japanese occupation?

A

Miguel Z. Ver

140
Q

What was the name of the collaborative government established by the Japanese in the Philippines?

A

Second Philippine Republic

141
Q

Who was the Filipino general known for escaping Bataan and organizing guerrilla operations during the Japanese occupation?

A

General Vicente P. Lim

142
Q

What was the infamous campaign against suspected guerrilla supporters that led to mass arrests and killings by Japanese forces?

A

Manila Massacre

143
Q

What was the code name for MacArthur’s return to the Philippines, leading to the liberation of Leyte in 1944?

A

Operation King II

144
Q

What was the official Philippine flag used during the Japanese occupation, slightly different from the current one?

A

The flag featured the Japanese sun emblem (no red triangle).

145
Q

What economic policy did President Manuel Roxas implement that tied the Philippines’ economy closely to the U.S. post-independence?

A

Bell Trade Act

146
Q

Who were the Hukbalahap (Huks), and what was their main purpose post-WWII?

A

A peasant-based resistance group turned communist insurgency aimed at land reform.

147
Q

In what year did the Philippines gain membership in the United Nations?

A

1945

148
Q

Who was the longest-serving senator in the Philippines, known for his contributions to labor rights and economic reform?

A

Senator Lorenzo M. Tañada

149
Q

What was the official justification given by Ferdinand Marcos for declaring Martial Law in 1972?

A

To suppress the Communist threat and protect against insurgency.

150
Q

What was the title of the document that justified Martial Law, signed by Marcos?

A

Proclamation No. 1081

151
Q

What was the landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the validity of Martial Law under Marcos?

A

Javellana v. Executive Secretary

152
Q

Which Marcos-led institution was tasked with controlling media, press, and communication during Martial Law?

A

National Media Production Center (NMPC)

153
Q

What was the name of the economic program launched by Marcos that aimed to create agricultural self-sufficiency but was criticized for its inefficiency and corruption?

A

Masagana 99

154
Q

What was the ‘Freedom Constitution’ enacted by Corazon Aquino after the People Power Revolution?

A

Provisional ‘1986 Freedom Constitution’

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