Philip and Religion (2) Flashcards
What were the two main causes of disputes between Philip and the papacy?
- Philip’s control over the Church in the kingdoms
- foreign affairs
What controls did Philip have in the Church?
- right to appoint bishops/ abbots (meant Spanish clergy needed to be in favour of the king if they hoped for promotion)
- most appeals by the clergy could only be heard in Spain
- IQ under king’s control
Outline the events of the Carranza case
- Valdes accused Carranza (AB of Toledo) of heresy - believed he showed evidence of ‘alumbrado doctrine’
- Carranza had probably said some unwise things but was defo not a heretic (publication of “Commentaries…”)
- accused by other people like Fresnada - a Franscian friar
- Carranza arrested by IQ
- imprisoned for 7 years while Phil + IQ argued with Pope over the case
What were the two sides of the argument in the Carranza case?
- Pope Pius V = demanded Carranza be sent to Rome for trial
- argued papal right to try cases involving bishops/ ABs
- felt Carranza wouldn’t get fair Spanish trial
- Phil = felt he needed to defend the IQ that wouldn’t hand him over
- even ABs must be held accountable to the IQ for their actions
- 1565: delegation of bishops sent to Madrid by Pope but Philip stil wouldn’t hand him over
How was Phil forced to submit to the Pope in 1566 over Carranza?
- Pope withheld assent to the renewal of the cruzada that year (would have made Philip’s financial situation very difficult)
- threatened excommunication
What was the outcome of the Carranza case? What were the effects on relations?
- transferred to Rome
- Spanish managed to delay the decision making for a further 10 years
- after a few minor errors, Carranza was released
- forced to retracted 16 propositions and forbidden to return to post
- Rawlings: Phil was humiliated
- IQ had effectively gone beyond its powers, shows their limitations
After the Carranza case, how did Phil assert his right to have the final say on the implementation of the Tridentine decrees?
- ignored Pope’s edict banning bullfights
- refused to allow his subjects to appeal to Rome
In what ways did they clash over foreign affairs?
- clashed over which methods to use in support of Catholicism in the Netherlands
- policies involving Protestant Elizabeth of England
What situation particularly annoyed Phil? What were the arguments?
- when Pope Paul IV decided to accept Henry IV as King of France in 1589 (once he converted to Catholicism)
- Phil was still fighting Henry at this time
- Pope = Phil is putting Spanish interests over those of the Church
- Phil = felt it was his duty to tell the Pope what to do and also resented what he viewed as interferences in Spanish affairs
As an example of common superstitious beliefs, what did the people of Navarre do in drought?
- Priest would lead procession with a statute of St Peter and submerge him in the river
In the late 1550s, what was announced?
- that Lutheran heresy had penetrated Spain’s religious defences and established a native root
- threatened to destabilise the country’s image as the guardian of the faith
In August 1558, Constantino was seized. Who was he and why was he seized? What happened to him?
- conversos preacher
- royal chaplain
- ideal victim to show the new harsh and strict IQ policy - he was schooled in the humanist tradition and had come across Protestantism in travels
- December 1560: burned in effigy
Outline what happened in the case of Cazalla. He was a victim of the campaign of suspicion and mistrust mounted
- Alcala scholar
- travelled widely in north-Europe where he came into contact with reformist views
- by 1557, had fallen under the influence of the leader of the Valladolid group
- within two years the whole family had turned towards Protestantism
- Cazalla and siblings burnt at stake at auto de fe in Valladolid on Trinity Sunday 1559
What was Phil’s first official act in 1559 after his return from Flanders?
- preside over the October auto de fe in the Plaza Mayor of Valladolid
- 12 suspected Lutherans were condemned to death
What did Juana’s 1558 royal pragmatic say?
- prohibited the import of any foreign texts into the kingdom
- ordered retention of any condemned texts circulating in Spain
- gave responsibility for the licensing of all new texts to the Council of Castile
Kamen’s argument is that most literate members of society would have still been able to access heretical texts. Seemingly relatively few had this desire. What does this show?
- that Valdes’ strict implementations were nothing more than a show of political force
- he believed he was falling out of favour so exaggerated the threat to then solve it and divert attention away from him
What examples undermine the power of censorship?
- Carranza had his “Commentaries on the Christian Catechism” approved in 1563 by Council of Trent
- Osuna’s classic manual of prayer and meditation (an essential guide for all alumbrados) escaped the scrutiny of the IQ until 1612
What were the positive things that the Jesuits did?
- missionary work
- great educators (set up many schools)
- very disciplined (many teachings before becoming a Jesuit priest)
Why did Philip becoming increasingly concerned about the Jesuits?
- there were increasing appointments of non-Spaniards into the order
- increased suspicions that these were papal agents
- dominican order (led by Siliceo) shared these experiences
In 1586 Philip’s issues with the Jesuits climaxed - what did they accuse the Jesuit principal Marceu of?
- not reporting case of sexual misconduct in the Jesuit order
How did Philip’s issue with the Jesuits turn into an issue with the Pope? Outline successive events
- he insisted that Rome enquire into the Jesuits and revise the constitution of the order (esp. to reduce the powers of the Jesuit General)
- Sixtus refused and ordered Marceu’s release
- inquiry did eventually happen in 1593 under Clement VIII
- findings served the interests of the papacy - confirmed the authority of Jesuit Generals
- growth of Jesuits continued to have a positive effect on Spain
How did the Jesuits continue to have a positive effect on Spain?
- personal influence on nobles
- schools
- they were genuine reformers
- improved the quality of religious reforms
How and why did Phil and Paul IV fall out?
- Paul = very much a zelenti
- ultra conservative
- wanted to reinforce papal authority
- very strict on rooting out heresy
- extended use of Papal IQ, brought in Roman Index, insisted fig leaves be added to all male nude statues in Rome
- Phil believed this policy was divisive
- believed Paul was anti-Spanish and used the evidence of Paul’s anti-Spanish concord with Henry II of France
How did Phil and Pope clash over England?
- Phil advised against excommunicating Protestant Elizabeth
- looked to have a more conciliatory approach (hoping to bring her back into the Catholic fold)
- April 1570: Pope excommunicated her in very firm terms, released all Papal agents from alliance with her and said they’d be excommunicated
