philip

Question 1

name 5 facts about philips character

Answer 1

-groomed to succeed spanish empire (C sent him advice in letters eg trust god/trust no one/be just)
-brought up/educated in spain (never taught foreign languages, close connection to spain)
-from 1543 regent of spain and started attended council meetings and visiting empire
-reserved and dignified in public, took after mother isabella
-imprisoned son don carlos in 1568, knew about murder of juan escobedo 1578 (lack of integrity?)

Question 2

where did philip control

Answer 2

netherlands
franche comte
castile
aragon
new world

Question 3

how did philip like to rule

Answer 3

-established permanent capital at madrid, lived in escorial palace, preferred to stay in 1 place (after 1559 didnt leave apart from 3yrs in portugal) >moving with secs like C
-prefered to communicate in writing with officials > face to face like C

Question 4

what were problems with philips style of rule

Answer 4

C-unable to deal effectively with every matter eg read and signed 100+docs in 1 day
C-advisors only could advise on their limited knowledge because P gave them limited knowledge of policies, refused to delegate
C-p had inability to make decisions when his empire needed instant
C-delays eg 2 weeks for messages to travel from madrid to brussels or milan and another 2 weeks for reply (2 months to mexico)=circumstances change,micromanages situations,didnt ditinguish between important/trivial matters eg during armada he was discussing clerical dress with pope
P-paid close attention to detail

Question 5

what was Ps administration like

Answer 5

-1561 all central gov offices located in madrid and set up special depository for gov papers so could be called on easy (centralised)

Question 6

how did p use the conciliar system

Answer 6

-made slight modifications (very little)
-council of castile=main council=nobles offered advice to the king, 1559 replaced non castilian members with castilian -made up of advisory and administrative councils
-regional councils=5 new created eg 1559 councils of italy and 1582 council of portugal, dealt with legislative and judicial matters, reported to p daily, p didnt attend meetings (consultative body-advisory)

Question 7

who were the 2 dif factions under p

Answer 7

eboli-led by roy gomez de silva (prince of eboli) -trusted friend of P, perez led after death
alba-led by fernando alvarez de toledo (3rd duke of alba), outstanding general and administrator
P-useful in debating policy
C-determned to disagree-inconsistent

Question 8

who were p secretaries and what was their role

Answer 8

gonzalo perez
antonio perez from 1566 and Gabriel de zayas
mateo vasquez 1573(1579 leading sec)
-importance increased, vast correspondence,intermediaries between p and council, made summary reports/selected p papers/dealt with important papers and requests eg idiaquez withheld letter from philip that medina sidonia didnt want to lead the armada as he knew it would anger philip (influence)

Question 9

what were juntas roles

Answer 9

• from 1570s estblished system to discuss and advise king on matters
  -not permanent bodies, made up of well informed ministers and officials that p could determine membership
  -main= ‘junta de noche’ (junta of the night) main people=chincon,vazquez,juan de idiaquez

Question 10

what were the cortes role under p

Answer 10

-less important
-continued to call Castilian
-called aragonite 3 times
(relatively lost rights)

Question 11

what was the murder or juan de escobedo

Answer 11

1578
-don john=gov of low countries=wanted fame after success at battle of lepanto=escobedo appointed as his sec to keep his ambitions in check=he admitted DJ and didnt control him like p hoped
-perez convinced p dj was plotting tp usurp him an escobedo was behind the ideas and needed to be removed (escobedo and perez=rivals=used to be under perez patronage now dj)
-E murdered in 1578 after 2 attempts to poison him=dj died same year=p suspicious of perez=corrupt/could use the murder against p so 1579 had him arrested and 1590 he escaped to aragon

Question 12

what caused the aragoneese revolt

Answer 12

1591-2
-initially p little intervention in aragon (protected by fueros/justicia), 1580s p started intervention
-P concerns=1. HERESY=failed to buy ribagorza -chincon blocked sale(largest country/most lawless eg banditry+piracy growing/needed border protection against france, huguenots had settled on frontier in france), 2. VASSALS wanted p intervention, growing tension between poor and lords eg duke of villahmosa hated 3. COUNT OF CHINON, treasurer general of aragon pushed (duke of v had his sister in law executed, he had c son executed,almenara failed to mediate)
-Aragonese fears=1. 1582 troops in valencia to defend against na pirates, 2. 1588 castilian victory sent to aragon (almenara), 3. soldiers sent to occupy ribagorza=success= against fueuros

Question 13

what happened in the aragonese revolt

Answer 13

-1590 first minor revolt, aragon in open defiance, council of war created by gov
-perez case!, claimed right to be tried in justica court but p tried to transfer case to inquisition by accusing him of heresy= riot in zaragoza, rebels took control of it(infringement of rights/castilian takeover )
=not threat

Question 14

impact of aragonese revolt

Answer 14

-few joined eg catalonia/valencia nobles refused in fear of loosing office
-p sent in 14000 soldiers/3000 cavalry oct 1591 dealt swiftly, 150 leaders executed eg justica, duke of v imprisoned, peers escaped to france
-promised to observe law and traditions, general amnesty by 1592, visited final session of aragonese cortes (importance)aragonese constitution remained unchanged (didnt reduce powers)
-p gained more power eg cortes 1592 said he could dismiss justica when he wanted, could appoint foreigners and justica members, diputacion del reyno less say in how revenues spent, strengthened aragonese inquisition
-took precious resources

Question 15

what caused the Morocco revolt

Answer 15

1. position of moriscos, forced conversion, continued policy of ensuring converts through teaching/missionaries
2. gov action, threat to potential alliance with otts/muslim corsairs na/prots in france/old christians resented them so put economic hardships on them eg made silk trade harder, exports banned and heavy taxes imposed, 1563 edict confiscating Morocco land if couldnt prove ownership and mass confiscations
3. political sit in NA,muslim Corsairs in na attacked villages/shipping on spanish coasts/evidence of contract between Moriscos and turks in corsair raids 1565 in orgiva/seige of malta= tough measures eg 1567 edict forbid arabic/dress/traditional customs/inquisiton 85% punished=moriscos,=mishandled

Question 16

how many moriscos in granada by 1556

Answer 16

400,000

Question 17

what happened in the Morisco revolt

Answer 17

-1568-70, don john campaign started 1570,ended in oct= p underestimated/unprepared
-francisco de cordoba killed 400 men, reduced 2700 women/children to slavery in inox
-1569 marquis of mondejar captured fort of guajar and killed everyone inside
-60,000 spaniards killed
-had to take best troops out of N (only 20,000 poor quality troops available at start)
-there were 4000 rebels 1569-30,000 in 1570

Question 18

what were consequences of the Morocco revolt

Answer 18

-1573 networks of parishes in high, more missionaires Morisco population areas=ineffective
-1570 expelled from granada (90,000 spread to other castilian areas?=worsened problem-still 10,000 moriscos 1587=many turned to banditry/piracy)+100,000 deported
-granada pop suffered=economic problems only 270/400 villages adpoted
-showed military weaknesses
-coastal areas left defenclesss so built 84 new forts
^^mishandled eg edicts/troops/benefittedf from lack of unity=CAUSED DUTCH REVOLT

Question 19

how did p eliminate heresy

Answer 19

INQUISITION
-1557 130+people discovered in seville and another group in Valladolid found to be prots=by 1562 both eliminated by auto de fes
-tried 800+ prots (quash existence)
-anyone not true catholic treated as threat=worsened by calvinists, improved fortifications to protect against them=focus on investigating/dealing with enforcing moral and christian standards in laity
CENSORSHIP
-index of forbidden books aug 1559, initially 700 mainly foreign works,reguarly revised and extended eg 1583 included works of catholics like juan de avila, all books/manuscripts needed licence before being published, libraries liable to being searched
-1559 decree forbidding spanish students from going abroad to study (cultural isolation?could still go on political missions=not completely isolated?)

Question 20

who was inquisitor general under p

Answer 20

fernando de valdes

Question 21

how did p implement church reform and was it successful

Answer 21

-tridentine decrees 1564 approved by pope pius IV for europe and p approved for spain to reinforce foundations of christian doctrine (p claimed his responsibility to implement >pope)
=pope and p conflict, hard to implement
=clergy/laity opposiiton, used to be independent now bishops had power on them
=few seminaries set up, few meetings of church councils, synods reluctant to reform=by 1590s inquisition had many complaints about spaniards low level of christian understanding
=calibre of bishops (p often called to gov which undermined success) improved eg gaspar de quiroga improved standards of clergy and individuals eg st john of the cross and st teresa of avila continued reform work

Question 22

what were examples of the tridentine decrees

Answer 22

-latin vulgate bible=official scripture
-mass=mopst important catholic worshio
-new missal to be used by all, liturgy variations abolished
-authority of bishops stronger eg live in benefices/visit dioceses regularly/oversee observance of communities /6 new bishoprics(patronage)
-priests receive more education eg more seminaries set up/preach every sunday/provide education for laity/remian in parishes
C-only met 3 times to discuss reform

Question 23

what were p religious aims

Answer 23

serve god
uphold inquisiton
suppress heresy
maintain own control over church
(P devout catholic, attended daily mass, consulted religious advisors when making political decisions)

Question 24

what were ps relations with the papacy like

Answer 24

-TENSIONS
- p control over church and foreign affairs pope shouldn’t interfere,
p had power to appoint bishops which kept clergy on his side,spanish inquisition under his control
-JESUITS-p tried to nationalise order=fails=obedient to pope, jesuit college, preaches and missions were found in every important town
-pope accepted henry IV as french king after conversion =resent, clashed other methods to uphold catholicism in N and england
CARRANZA CASE=breaking point 1559
-ESTABLSIHED CONTROL=p right to implement tridentine decrees,1567 ignored pope edict on banning bull fighting,1572 refused to allow his subjects to appeal to rome/all papal briefs should be disregarded/1582 pope objected to p sending royal officials to synod of toledo

Question 25

what was the carranza case

Answer 25

-inqusitor general accused c (archbishop of toledo) of heresy=arrested him and kept in prison for 7 years (resentful of successful career)
-pope pius V demanded c sent to rome to be tried (papal had right to try him/wouldnt be fair in spain) vs P and inquisition refused and said he’s accountable to them
-pope withheld renewal of cruzada, 1566 c transferred to rome and later released
(LASTED 17 YEARS)1559-1576

Question 26

how much of salamanca (in aragon) is under philips control

Answer 26

35%- shows lack of control?increases after aragonese revolt

Question 27

what were philips 3 foreign policy aims

Answer 27

-defence/consolidation of catholicism
-great power status
-become preeminent power in europe ‘grand strategy’

Question 28

what was the state of the spanish army in 1560

Answer 28

-inherited substantial army, 269 infantry companies, 35 cavalry companies , had centralised control of them
-castile-centralrole in asisting military and financial prep, Catalonia raised voluntary troops
-dif pressures eg extraordinary demand for soldiers meant more dependance on independent financiers and regional govs (delegated to provincial authorities) = couldn’t cope with demands , more noble power
-constructed galleys in barcelona to defend against otts

Question 29

what was the state of the spanish navy by 1560

Answer 29

-inheirted a navy that couldnt cope with ottoman demands so was a significant priority for P to improve = extensive shipbuilding programme, castilian cortes called 1562 to finance it
-1564 garcia de toledo (commander of med fleet) supervised 100 galleys between coasts of Spain and NA (still not enough-had to combine resources with italy eg venice to beat otts)
-andrea doria=important

Question 30

what were the causes of the dutch revolt (netherlands problems)

Answer 30

-went from being in European empire to subjects of a spanish one eg taxation resented
-appointment of governors eg Granville appointed as archbishop of mechelen 1560 (outsider+intolerant religious policy), marg of parma governor 1559-alba 1567(after iconoclastic fury-establsied council of troubles)/ kept dutch away from power /
-religious changes alienates dutch eg inquisiton and P secrecy/granvelle/religious agenda - 1563 3 most powerful nobles in N leave council of state want relaxation on heresy laws (w of o, egmont, hornes)
-failed to visit/ lack of compromising exacberates eg 1564 egmont visits spain to persuade for greater religious tolerance with compromise signed by 350 Calvinist and catholic nobles but p letters from segovia woods rejects
-rise of Calvinism eg already rebels under C, iconoclastic fury 1566 (calavnist mobs attack churches/masteries , orange flees 1567 (principle protagonist), in northern states towns and cities drove calvinist agenda
=POWER BIGGEST MOTIVATION

Question 31

why did the dutch revolt fail

Answer 31

-mismanaged
-distance
-govenors lacked consistency eg Margaret of parma=easily manipulated by nobles, alba/granvelle=harsh
-northern states/lower nobility driving against P Calvinist agenda

Question 32

when did the dutch revolt start and what happened

Answer 32

C-debated 1566 (ICONOCLASTIC FURY) and 1568(w of o INVADES 4 armies against alba-egmont/hornes executed) but defeated 1570
C-introduces 10th penny tax (nobles furious-head of N council of state so influential )
P-1572 siege of Haarlem (p control)-requesens replaces alba (quiets revolt-alba harsh-executes 2000 troops)-same time as ott troubles (in debt after battle of lepanto)
C-1574 union of utrecht (Calvinists unification to fight against dutch)
C-1576 SPANISH FURY (spanish troops) and PACIFICATION OF GHENT (declaration don’t want spanish rule-don Juan appointed)
P-1578 parma replaces don juan, treaty of arras (ends p of g and withdarwstroops -catholics back on side-concessions to nobles-other aspects eg portugal going well)- 1585 w of o assassinated, capture brussels and antwerp, armada
C-7 northern prvinces restart campaign, resurrecting union of utrecht-dutch captures territories eg breda 1590, parma dies (moves parma to france-unecessary/sparks rebels )
=ENDS NOT RESOLVED-philip dies 1598 ?

Question 33

how many mutinies were there in the N

Answer 33

46-couldnt maintain army, - netherlands crucial to economy, antwerp greatest commercial centre

Question 34

what was the council of troubles

Answer 34

established by alba in N -12,300 arrests/1,100 executions (had absolute power-known as council of blood)

Question 35

what was the spanish fury

Answer 35

mutinous Spanish troops sacked antwerp killing 8000 civilians as they hadn’t been paid

Question 36

how much was spanish forces in the N costing

Answer 36

costing castile-700,000 ducats a month, 1590-7 army of flanders=20mil ducats

Question 37

why did philip have the opportunity to take portugal

Answer 37

-otts lesser threat=better financial position (influx of american silver)
-king sebastian of portugal in succession dispute to morocan throne 1577 (distracted)
-portugal had a disaster expedition fighting moors at battle of alcazarquivir in Morocco and king sebastian and many Portuguese nobles killed =caused succession dispute

Question 38

what was the succession dispute in portugal

Answer 38

-cardinal henry was considered the strongest claimant so king sebastians regency council proclaimed him as king (but he was unfit to rule dies 1580) and philip used that time to win support in portugal and abroad for his presumptive claim through his mother and to prepare to fight if failed (portugal supported P candidature

Question 39

how did philip gain support in portugal

Answer 39

-used de moura= propaganda promoting P Portuguese credentials/highly skilful
-philip decisive leadership=bribery for waving Portuguese/expolited procrastination of Portuguese cortes
-duke of alba (cautious and diplomatic)=led army 37,000 troops june 1580 and fleets commanded by the duke of medina sidonia into Portugal after claimant CRATO seized the royal palace in lisbon (captured lisbon/defeated antonios army)
-inability of the other 2 contenders (crato (illegitimate)/duchess of braganca(promises his family hereditary powers)) benefited P in getting towns to submit authority
-portugeese situation=drained of money/maj ruling class dead/couldnt withstand succession crisis/mother from Portuguese royal family/portugeese born advisor cristobal de moura invaluable (he was resident in lion-used diplomacy)
=acknowledged him king april 1581(gains atlantic ports and ships)

Question 40

how did philip consolidate his power in portugal

Answer 40

-help of Portuguese jesuits = neutralised op eg lowery clergy because he was defender of catholicism
-won over powerful braganca =secured by his appointment of duke of braganca as constable of portugal
-helped ransom Portuguese nobles help captive in morocco eg bragancas heir
-promised to protect Portuguese rights and customs= eg appoint only natives/withdraw army/wouldnt hold cortes of legislate outside of portugal/taxes spent on portugal/wore Portuguese dress and attempted to learn lang
-opposition eg urban pop lacked direction = P stayed in lisbon 1580-83 and made Portuguese notables as representatives and de moura as viceroy, sensibly left ministers in castile but established council of portugal for royal authority

Question 41

how did england and spains relations start positive

Answer 41

-philip opposed elizabeths excommunication in 1561
-english troops assisted the spanish in their victory over the french at the battle of st quentin 1557 (allies in france)
-1554 p married mary i of england then when elizabeth succeeded her he didnt want mary g of s on the throne so kept good relations and offered her hand in marriage- too over reliant on diplomacy?

Question 42

why was there increased tensions between england and spain

Answer 42

C-english protestantism vs spanish catholicism eg philip subsidised english catholic seminaries
C-english privateering in the atlantic (wanted NW trade)=1568 english seize spanish silver on its way to alba, 1568 alba seized English ships in low countries ports, drakes circumnavigation 1577-80 funded by raided colonies, 1586 drake sacked vigo and bayona, 1587 drake raid cadiz and darke and hawkins continued harassing spanish treasure fleets
P-1573 convention of nijmegen restored trade between england and the low countries
C-jan 1584 formal diplomatic ties ended (spanish ambassador mendoza was sacked accused of involved in throckmorton plot)
C-interferenace in N(protect protestantism and fear go spanish armed prescnese close)= 1570s informally starts to aid-treaty of nonsuch 1585=english pay 126,000 annual subsidy and supply troops to N rebels after death of w of o left them with no leader = CATALYStT
C-1588 armada more in 1590s fail due to storms(underestimated E) = not decisive victory (over 1/2 naval ships destroyed , failed to invade and break up E+N alliance)

Question 43

what shows the importance of france to spain

Answer 43

-ongoing rivalry
-both wanted to be pre eminent power
-marriage alliances eg p marries sister of french king

Question 44

what ended the Habsburg valois wars

Answer 44

french defeat at battle of st quentin then 1559 treaty of cateau cambresis (spain assured ascendancy on italian peninsula and france could consolidate borders)

Question 45

why was there unrest in france

Answer 45

-7 civil wars before P gets involved
-death of henry II = francis II king = guise more prominent role, calvamists tried to ‘save the king’ from his guise advisors
-death of francis II=charles IX king=married to m g of s (guise) and rules by his mum(poltique until 1563)=colloquy of prissy 1561 attempt to improve relations fails = massacre of vassy 1562 kills calavanists led by duke guise = charles ix helps catholics during iconoclasm in N = angers calvs+caths aren’t happy with multiple peaces made= assassination of admiral coligny (calv noble)=st bartholomews day massacre (targeted catholic mob violence against hugs-turning point) (rise of Calvinism-N exemplifies threat)
-charles ix succveeded by henry III = edict of Bergerac removes hugs rights

Question 46

when does philip start to interfere in france

Answer 46

-(after death of duke of alencon henry iv is now heir) 1584 signed the treaty of joinville with the catholic league (hugs attack spain communications in nw), promises a monthly subsidy of 50,000 ecus to french catholics ( caths rise against french king in paris in support of duke of guise who is more tolerant+catholic league declares war on him after d of guise is assassinated-then he’s assainsated )
-henry of navarre king 1589 = defeats cath league at battle of argue 1589 and battle of ivory 1590=p instructs duke of parma to make cath league priority = 3 successful expeditions vs france 1590-92
-1593 henry of navarre converts to catholicism (gets hugs and politiques support)= p tries to promote daughter clara eugenia claims = henry regains paris + declares war on spain 1595= 1596 e signed treaty granting henry army of 2000 and England francs and united provinves form triple alliance = spain 4th bankruptcy 1596
-1598 treaty of vervins = all territorial gains reverse and borders reverted to 1559 lines

Question 47

what was the impact of the war with france

Answer 47

-75% of 60.7mil ducats sent to N was spent in france
-focus on france=no territorial gains in N after 1588, missed op to take holland and Zealand (anti-spanish)
-damaged england relations
-ramifications for wider Fp eg at same time 10mil ducats spent on armada
-misjudgement

Question 48

who were the 2 rival groups in france

Answer 48

calv nobles=navarre/bourbon fam=coligny/conde
cath=valois (royals), guise (nobles) and poltiques = duke of guise leader

Question 49

what gains do spain and france make in the war

Answer 49

spain=calais, amiens
france=toulouse, Marseilles, maurice of nassau launches campaign against parma army in N = overtrsteched

Question 50

why did p fear the otts

Answer 50

-feared their powerful navy/elite corps of janissaries
-association with barbary states-med commerce was disrupted by muslim piracy from the 1560s with barbary Corsairs dominant squadrons
-charles neglected med policy, p learnt from initial mistakes before 1565 besiege of malta eg greater sense of urgency to med policy/1565 programme of naval reconstruction intesnsified/more defensive strat with less aggressive expeditions to allow military and naval reform

Question 51

what were p aims in med

Answer 51

-maintian possessions in NA eg tunis/algeris
-could benefit from shipping in med
-role as chief defender of catholic faith eg used defensive methods/fortified coasts
-needed to keep communications with italian dominions
-contain sultans westward expansion and defend spanish coastline

Question 52

what was P failures with ottomans

Answer 52

-1559 launched expedition to tripoli to help control med at narrowest part failed, took 6 months to assemble a fleet but otts saw them coming and repaired the city’s fortifications = retreated to djerba and turkish admiral pasha defeated spanish fleet, lost 42 vassals;s and 18,000 men, took veterans from N to strengthen defences in med
-1560 barborossas successor pressurised naples with 35 vessels, andrea doria (commander of his fleet died)
-1570 ott campaign against cyprus was successful , spanish fleet didn’t get there in time, lost biscayan ships to otts near malaga

Question 53

what successes did P have with ottomans

Answer 53

-1565 suleiman the magnificent besieged malta (would’ve helped secure western med/surprised by scale and speed of ott attacks) christian defenders were outnumbered but it was saved due to intervention from viceroy of naples leading a relief force and grandmaster la valette converted the grand harbour into one of the most heavily defended fortresses in the med with 9000 knights = more focused on med, garcia de toledo rebuilt navy
-1571 holy league formed (possibility of heavy concentration of christian forces), assembled fleet of 208 galleys/50,000 troops, leader=don john of austria
-1571 battle of lepanto holy league sank 110 galleys, 3500 taken prisoner, ott high admiral killed in battle with don johns galley, hl only lost 12 galleys
-mid 1570s succession of truces (both had other priorities eg don john sent to n 1576 and growing inflation and otts distracted with conflict with persia) 1578,1580,1581,1584,1587

Question 54

evaluate battle of lepanto

Answer 54

P-erosion of the European perception of Ottoman invincibility, marked end of naval supremacy
P-remained pragmatic/realistic not driven by crusading zeal?
P-triggered uprisings eg in greece which deflected otts attention
C-failed to turn victory into territorial gains, otts remained untouched eg otts regained tunis in 1574 which spain captured 1573
C-holy league division started to form after pope pius V death - p ordered don john to cancel expedition as he refused to use resources to support Venetian interest in med (dif priorities)

Question 55

how did philip benefit from the new world

Answer 55

religious-1000 priests in NW by 1570 (100,000 whites,10mil indians-eager to christianise natives)
political-consolidated possessions but little ambition to increase territories (only gained florida and Philippines), appointed viceroys, by 1587 100+spainish ships in Atlantic (little challenges-only some from french ands english privateers eg francis drake but french attempt to establish colony in florida failed), council of indies established=better administration, seville remained key Spanish centre (pop tripled)
economic-revenues tripled to 64.5mil ducats

Question 56

what did p spend his money on

Answer 56

-paying off loans 5.5mil ducats per annum (debt financing-lowered interest on euros to 5% after his bankruptcies =cost more)
-running his court eg councilliar/courts of justice/5.5mil escorial/spending in public sphere
-WAR eg 700,000 ducats a month 1570s to m campaigns, armada 10mil, last decade 30mil ducats in france,1567-1600 80mil sent to N, tripled expenditure on militia,spanish forts, rebuilding navy 1571-77 7mil to med fleet

Question 57

where did p get his money from

Answer 57

1.borrowing 85mil ducats in debt by end of reign (inherited 20mil, gave fuggers control of military orders property and genoese a monopoly over salt works in andalusia and appointed grandees to office to utilise funds / absorbed 1/2 income
2.castile (burden) tax increase 430% over reign eg new tax miliones 1590 8mil ducats revenue, tripled rate of alacabala, servicio tax became permenant 1561, tripled receipts from custom duties
3. NW, bullion increased fourfold, 1/5 of mining, 20% of income, 65mil ducats gold and silver
4. church, pope new tax 1567 excusado on clerical property, doubled cruzada, subsido and royal tithes increased yield

Question 58

what did philips income increase to over his reign

Answer 58

3mil 1559
10mil 1590s

Question 59

how did inflation affect p

Answer 59

-spain could afford 20% less
-shortage in industry meant there was a decline in demand for spanish gold/more comp/little land cultivated
-still importing all wheat/ grain from baltic countries
-wool trade decreased which was their dominant export
-indies had evolved so was providing for themselves>buying from spain

Question 60

args of P economy

Answer 60

economic disaster, couldnt keep up with demands of imperialism,fihgting many wars meant he drew investment away from industry eg using bullion for loans/ allowing genoese finances stronghold over economy, weakened from inheritance
P-spain at height of power and influence, america provided an injection so spain could escape economic consequences