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charles Flashcards

1
Q

what is a conquistador

A

a conquerer eg mexico/peru, often former sliders/minor nobles
-motivated by east riches/sometimes religion-1 priest always went

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2
Q

how did charles establish royal government after conquests

A

-reduced powers of conquistadors (before they set themselves up as nobility) so set up council of indies 1524 to hold authority over nw affairs (they acted as a supreme court of appeal/could make laws=unusual normally councils are only advisory)
-spanish viceroys were appointed in lands eg mexico/peru to answer to the king
-safeguards eg audencia, a council of state and reviews of viceroys at the end of their term were put in place to prevent them becoming too powerful

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3
Q

how was treatment of native indians changed and what did it cause

A

-las casas (dominican friar) attacked previous system of encomiendas as tyrannical which led to the new laws of 1542 which forbade slavery/new encomiendas
-caused civil war, colonists viewed natives as inferior
-indian pop decrease in mexico 25mil to 3mil because of overworking and smallpox

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4
Q

what was the nw (indies)impact on spain

A

-provided market for castilian products(exports) eg cloth/oil/wine
-recieved new products (imports) eg choc/pineapple/woods
-discovered great silver mines of potosi in 1545, increased silver/gold for the crown
-colonists paid taxes, crown took 1/5 (quinto real-tax) of the value of gold/silver imported into spain , gave them security to apply for loans
-more social nobility, generated new ideas eg built new houses/invested in arts

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5
Q

name 3 economic gains from NW

A

-1536-1540 324,000 ducats per annum(gold/silver revenue )
-1551-1555 871,000 ducats per annum
-11mil ducats during charles reign

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6
Q

how did he implement religious policies in NW

A

-could control church appointments,oversee nw church activities
-presecense of 3 religious orders (dominicans,franciscans,jesuits) helped conversion of natives to christianity
-eg 1524-1536 4mil conversions were recorded in mexico

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7
Q

how many spaniards had emigrated to the new by 1550

A

150,000

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8
Q

what was the conquest in mexico

A

-1519 hernan cortes expedition to vera cruz
-600 men/16 horses/6 artillery
-2yr campaign vs aztecs-conquered capital and took emperor montezuma prisoner

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9
Q

what was the conquest in peru

A

-1532 francisco pizarro defeated incas in the andes of peru
-180men/27 horses
-5yr campaign, sacked the capital, executed emperor atatiualpa and established new capital 1535

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10
Q

why were the aztecs and incas a threat

A

created discontented subjects that would be willing to join the conquistadors=more numbers/important knowledge about the geography and inhabitants of areas they were invading=effective fighting

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11
Q

why was there a rivalry between france and spain

A

-charles defeated francis I (king of france) in 1519 in the contest to become HRE(france became encircled by habsburg territories = threatened)
-Milan (currently under french control) wa s strategic point for charles for communications in the HRE=wanted
-France tried to invade Navarre during comuneros revolt (1516 treaty of noyon c promised to give it back to france but he postponed it because of its position on the spanish border)
-charles was keen to regain parts of former family territories of burgundy (mainly in france)
-the death of chievres de croy in 1521 meant he was replaced by mercurio gattinara (de croy was a burgundian advisor who kept the peace, gattinara wanted to remove french influence in italy)

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12
Q

who were key figures in the habsburg family

A

-mary of hungary put in charge of netherlands
-germanie de foix put in charge of valencia
-margeret of austria put in charge of habsburg lands

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13
Q

what caused the comuneros revolt

A

-charles is a foreigner (has no royal presence eg left spain to be HRE in germany, created fear spain would loose its seperate identity as part of the empire)
-economic/fiscal grievances (Charles asked for money2x in 3 years to spend outside castile,taking wealth out of spain ?)
-corruption of royal officials (foreigners filling important positions eg adrian of utrecht and chievres de croy)

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14
Q

what did the junta of tordesillas demand charles do

A

1520
-demand he live in castile
-bring no natives to fill positions / appoint no corregidores
-follow customs of the ‘catholic sovzrigners don fernando and dona isabel,his grandparents’

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15
Q

what happened in the comuneros revolt

A

-1519-1521(by town dwellers in castile joined together in a leafue who defended rights of their communities against the government/habsburg authority)
-rebellion started in toledo led by juan de padilla followed by other towns eg sego/salamanca/valladolid
-failed to gain queen joannas support(c mother) meant they had no clear aim/legality of the revolt
-charles made some concessions eg collection of service stopped/no more foreigners to be appointed/2 important grandees joined as regents
-character of rebellion became more extreme/attacks/demands made that nobility should pay taxes so nobles were willing to stop revolt to protect seigneurial privileges
-battle of villalar 1521-leaders of comuneros (pedro Malonado/juan bravo) were captured and excecuted, comuneros lost control against army/nobility

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16
Q

what were the impacts of the comuneros revolt

A

-charles returned to spain 1521 with an army of foreign mercenaries (400 german troops), some comuneros executed and given various punishements but he showed some leniency and gave a general pardon
-he increased the powers of the corregidores
-mercurino gatlinara replaced unpopular chievres as charles grand chancellor
-c took measures to make nobles happy
-c learnt Castilian and married Isabella of portugal (gives into what they wanted)

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17
Q

what were the causes of the Germania revolt

A

-resenment towards nobles-most of Germania lived in near starvation
-complaints against charles for postponing cortes of valencia meetings and not seeming interested in staying in spain=allienated CLASS CONFLICT!!!!
-plague broke out, people saw it as a punishment for tolerating the presence of muslims/needed to protect Valencia coast against muslim pirates (5th column?)

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18
Q

who is the germania

A

christian brotherhood of armed volunteers that defend the Valencian coast against muslim pirates and the nobles who employed them (poorer classes-supported by poorer craftsman/small farmers)

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19
Q

what happened in the Germania revolt

A

-germania took over valencia and murdered many muslim peasants or forced them into baptism/had success against small military forces made up of nobles/representatives of the crown
-vicent paris became the leader of the revolt (anti muslim, leader of the weavers guild) insisted his followers to more violence and radicalism
=middle class withdrew support/city of valencia was recaptured and the troops were defeated by 1521by marquis zenete who led the army
=rebels were sentenced to death/fines/confiscations of possessions

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20
Q

what were charles religious aims

A

-reformation/remove corruption
-improve education of masses, improve the morality eg moriscos
-ensure Lutheranism gains no support
-make catholicism sole religion
-suppress heretical ideas eg protestantism in HRE/europe

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21
Q

who were erasmists

A

-following of desiderius erasmus (established movement 1522-25)
-wanted to improve learning eg private prayer/meditation/increase church importance / type of reformation
-initially ideas are supported at court/unis eg cisneros invited him to spain 1516 as he liked his critic of monastic abuses and indiscipline/translated his works ‘handbook of a christian solidier’ but they fall in the late 1520s after inquisition associated their writings with lutheran heresy

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22
Q

what is lutheranism

A

-directly challenges catholic church/deviates from established church doctrine-wants complete reformation
-suggested priests are ordinary people/threatens church power?
-led by martin luther/believes church is corrupt/1517 posts 95 theses

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23
Q

who are illuminists/allumbrados

A

-1512 emerged, group of friars, believed they could directly communicate with god through meditation and prayer (went against doctrine/traditional methods)
-believed gods work won’t reduce bad sins(not major threat)

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24
Q

who did charles marry

A

1526-isbaella of portugal

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25
Q

what were the key elements in charles government

A

-councilliar gov staffed by letrados
-secretaries
-cortes

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26
Q

what new advisory and administrative councils did charles set up

A

advisory
-1526 council of state
-1522 council of war
administrative
1523 council of finance
1524 council of indies
(continued royal council of castle and council of aragon)

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27
Q

why did the secretaries have too much influence under Charles

A

-responsible for meeting agendas
-co signed docs
-decided what correspondence should go to charles
-could issue royal decrees
-patronage at their command
eg francisco de los cobos/granvelle
-corrutpion/took money from NW/took control of taxes on salt mining

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28
Q

how effective was charles use of cortes

A

-needed good relations/could vote on matters/refuse money
-summoned cortes of aragon 6 times
-1544 cortes requested not to be summoned more than once in 3 years (cortes of castile only called for money eg servicio-met 15 times)

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29
Q

why did charles first have trouble when he first arrived in spain

A

-didnt arrive until 1517-nobles tried to lobby him in brussels as they were happy with regency being left to illegitimate son and cisneros
-he gave favours/offices to burgundian supporters eg chose a burgundian councillor as president of cortes sending money out of spain to burgundian court
-1519 became HRE
-1520 called cortes to santiago to raise funds for HRE expenses
-1520 left for netherlands

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30
Q

what were attitudes to charles like when he returned to spain in 1522

A

-more stable after revolts
-leant castilian
-no fixed capital (administrators based valladolid)
-popular marriage to isabella of portugal 1526
-happy with birth of son philip 1527
(1543 onwards charles mainly out of spain)

31
Q

how long did charles spend in castile and aragon over his reign

A

-11 years castile
-5 years aragon

32
Q

who was gattinara

A

chancellor

33
Q

who were charles 3 main regents

A

valencia-germine de foix
habsburg lands-margeret of austria
netherlands-mary of hungary

34
Q

how much did charles court cost him

A

200,000 ducats

35
Q

what was the power of the nobles like under charles

A

-hildagos=new political elite, held positions in police and militia/dominated towns
-relied on in local administration as the were repsected locally
-more concerned by peasantry/family rivalries to oppose

36
Q

why was charles short of money

A

-dominance of hildago class in cortes (there disregard for spanish industry eg 1548 cortes demanded importation of cheaper cloth-prevented creation of industries)
-financial position becoming king (greed of burgundian followers/expenses of imperial election eg bribes)
-empire ambitions (more burgundian style of court/upkeep or royal household/increased costs of the ceremonial court eg order of fleece introduced/war)

37
Q

how did the church give Charles money

A

-gifts
-cruzada 121,000 ducats a year 1523-1554 (25%income)
-terciareales
-subsidio 500,000 ducats 1551
-pope allowed Charles to receive proportion of income on spanish church 1532-372,000 1551-500,000
-control of military orders- confirmed 1523- selling their royal land 1.7mil ducats 37-51

38
Q

how did castile give charles money

A

-custom duties
-alcabala 1534 charles granted an encabezamiento to make it a fixed sum/rose it by 21%/75% revenue by 1550
-servicio- established crowns right to get it
(castile=1 cortes= little resistance to increase tax eg new tax sisa )

39
Q

what is the order of the golden fleece

A

chivalric order- charles honours people privileges to become knights (patronage)

40
Q

how much was borrowing costing charles

A
  • total borrowing cost 30mil ducats/interest=10mil
    -borrowing from cortes 130,000-410,000 1520-1550
    -foreign bankers eg fuggers and welsers, gave them control of military orders / venezuela
    -aragon only provided 50,000 ducats every 5 years
    -repaying loans 36%-65% 1522-1543
41
Q

what were the reasons for inflation under charles

A

-increasing pop of spain 6.5mil by 1550s
-foreign speculators
-wickedness of individuals eg poor methods leaving fields to lie fallow
-introduction of nw bullion increased prices (cortes petitioned 12 times to ban exports on bullion)
-by 1534 gov had spent most of its revenues for the next 6 years

42
Q

what was evidence of inflation under charles

A

-1511 1559 prices of wheat doubled (arable lands weren’t enough-imported agriculture from sicily,baltic countries)
-valladolid wages rose by 30% 1511-1550 but wheat prices rose by 44%, wine prices 64%
-some land rents rose by 86%
-textile industry eg wools/silks increased in output but higher costs meant poorer quality raw wool but foreigners eg flemish/french provided better quality than spanish textiles
-1501 1562 2.8%, 1562-1600 1.3%

43
Q

what shows war was a priority for charles

A

cobos and the council of finance seized all treasure from the indies too pay for the battle of morrberg 1540s

44
Q

what were the impacts of inflation under charles

A

-entrepreneurs benfitted eg merchants
-more beggars/vagabonds unemployed
-crown could levy new taxes to keep up with costs of administration/equipping forces
-nobles could raise rents for growing crops on their estates/crown rewarded them for services in military positions
-masses on fixed incomes eg landowners/lower clergy/town dwellers affected most

45
Q

what were moriscos and why were they a threat under charles

A

-moor in spain
-they created a fear of a 5th column who could ally with the ottomans in the med (worsened by Barbarossa sacking Valencia coast)

46
Q

what attempts were made to control moriscos under charles

A

-1526-attempted to remove moorish civilisation eg arabic/dress/traditional dance ‘zambra’ - later reversed in return for 80,000 ducat subsidy
-1525-aragon/valencia convert or leave
(no measures to ensure genuine)-caused revolt in sierra de espadan
-1530 another failed attempt to force moors to convert or exile was bought off- moor lang/dress allowed in exchange for new farda tax (20,000 ducats per annum)

47
Q

what attempts were made to control illuminists/allumbrados

A

-1525 targeted more eg royal edict 23 sep 1525 condemned illuminist teaching

48
Q

why did c get stricter on erasmists

A

-1520s became less tolerant as they were threatening the church (links to lutheranism) and 1529 c left spain taking most supporters with him so the leaders left in spain were hard line

49
Q

who were some main individuals targeted by the inquisition for heresy under charles

A

-1533 vergara (cisneros/fonseca secretary and teacher at alcala) arrested (erasmist), 1537 pedro de lerma arrested
-1533 alonso de virues (charles chaplain) arrested but later released (erasmist)
-1529 inquisitor general alonso de manrique confined to his see (erasmist)
-1527 ignatius of loyola arrested (illuminist)
-gonsalvo the painter executed for (lutheran) ideas
-1531 john of avila arrested-1533 released

50
Q

what attempt was made to control lutheranism

A

-april 1521 Adrian of utrecht ban on lutheran books
-1525 edicts against lutherans/anabaptists(more extreme protestants rejected by luther)
-by 1558 only 105 cases?

51
Q

what attempts were made to reform the church under charles

A

-1523 pope adrian VI papal bull giving c power to appoint all major ecclesiastical office in spain
-c made churches power subordinate to royal authority
-juan pardo de tavera was a key church reformer eg his instructions/constitutions of synods were exemplary
-hernando de talavera enforced religious reforms in local areas (archbishop-clerical leader-more important!)
-humanist work of cisneros, uni of alcala set up in 1508 became important centre of learning in europe with support of fonseca and manrique, set up the printing press, an excellent library, polyglot bible was published in 1522 (improved intellectual standards of clergy and could now take roles in church councils eg council of trent)

52
Q

what were charles relations with the pope

A

-poor-reach low point when they sack rome
-pope feared habsburg or valois dominance in italy so allied between both of them, when pope adrian died in 1523 his successors were less supportive of charles
-charles wanted spain to direct church reform not rome, wanted a general council of the church and was unable to persuade the papacy of the urgency so the 1st meeting wasn’t held until 1545 (not much power)

53
Q

which region of spain was most vulnerable to heresy

A

seville (open to european influence)

54
Q

why were erasmists such a threat

A

-worsened by lutheranism
-wanted to update catholicism
-initially very popular

55
Q

what were charles foreign policy aims

A

-protect his lands eg habsburg/burgundian/spain
-protect hre lands
-defend catholicism

56
Q

what were key events in the habsburg valois wars

A

-1516 battle of marignano-france secured milan, c reconquered it 1524,francis attacked navarre during coms revolt (not that significant only pamplona captured)
-1522 treaty of windsor-c alliance with henry VIII, agreeing to conquer france (henry crown and c recover burgundian lands)
-1525-c victory at pavia (routed french/francis captured/effective use of arquebuse against french cavalry) followed by 1526 treaty of madrid
-1526 f formed league of cognac with the pope/venice/florence to free italy from habsburg domination
-1527 c order march on rome,his troops sacked rome(unpaid/out of control)-blamed francis and pope INTERNATIONALLY CONDEMNED
-1528 battle of landriano, f tried to secure naples=defeated=1529 peace of cambrai
-1536-f invaded savoy to conquer milan=failed
-1540-c conferred duchy of milan on philip (associated lands with spanish crown)
-1542-f army of 40,000 attacked spanish northern frontier (failed by spanish resistance)

57
Q

what was the treaty of madrid

A

francis renounced claims to italy and flanders and handed over burgundy for his freedom
BUT relied on his word-f later renounced his terms

58
Q

what was the peace of cambrai

A

-charles gave up claims to duchy of burgundy
-french gave up claims to naples,artois,flanders,milan (left c in virtual control of italy)
-treaty cemented by marriage of francis I to charles sister eleanor and a large sum of money was paid for the release of francis 2 sons from spain

59
Q

what were the impacts of the habsburg valois wars

A

-many cities in italy had the building of ramparts and fortresses for protection
-less italian cities supported france
-charles niece married ruler of milan to gain their support

60
Q

why did the habsburg valois wars last so long

A

-new military technology developing eg the arquebus and improving fortifications
-balance of power eg c lands lacked centralised control therefore funding/f lacked resources to sustain military campaigns=no conclusive ending
-personal animus/dynastic dimensions eg both strong desires to prove themselves(protect family reputation)/resented each other/had claims to Italy

61
Q

why were the ottomans a threat to charles

A

-armies of suleiman
-naval superiority in med
-links with NA corsairs
-potential for moriscos to assist them

62
Q

what was charles initial reasons for failure with otts

A

-spainish subjects=reluctant to assist habsburg dynasty in europe-wasnt their concern=limited contribution to defence of hungarian lands
-lacked permenant navy-had to secure contracts with private shipowners
-1516 pirate commonwealth founded by barbarossa founded w algiers as the administrative centre, placed under sultans protection to drive christian garrisons out NA

63
Q

why did charles get in a better position to engage with otts

A

-1528 andrea doria defects from french,transferred his fleet to charles
-1529 peace of cambrai with france meant he could focus on otts
-1530 establishment of knights of st john on malta gave better security for communications/trade=could challenge otts
-spanish more willing to support med war
-2 events sparked action 1529=muslim raid Valencia coast,barbarossa seized penon de velez and defeated spanish fleet off ibiza/1529 siege of vienna=symbolised threat of otts

64
Q

what events happened with charles and otts

A

-may 1532 peace of Nuremberg signed with german lutherans(not condemned for beliefs)
-1532 charles mobilised army, 44 galleys,10,000 men seizes patras and coron (FIRST C ACTION)
-1534 Barbarossa seize tunis/la goleta (strategic)
-1535 doria retakes tunis 10,000 spaniards,82 galleys , captured fortress of la goleta and most of turkish fleet (wasn’t followed up as attention turned back to france)
-1538 new holy league against otts established
-OTT DOMINANCE took gibraltar,1541 c set off for africa but fleet(24,000 men) destroyed by storm, disrupted Spanish trade by wintering fleet in Marseilles, 1551 took tripoli, penon de velez,bougie

65
Q

when did Barbarossa die

A

1546-replacement continued targeting spanish on na coast (dragut)

66
Q

by 1556 how many outposts did spain have left on na coast

A

4 (failure)

67
Q

what events happened with lutheranism in HRE

A

-1521 diet of worms, outlawed luther, not arrested as german prince of saxony protected him
-1524 imperial diet at Nuremberg calls for suppression of lutheranism
-1529 diet of speyer,denied right to chose religion/enforce catholicism (princes protest in support of lutheranism established as firm urban movement with vital prince support)
-1530 diet of augsburg=augburg confession (lutherans outlined their religious beliefs)
-1531 schmalkaldic league formed to defend lutheranism (lutheran princes)
-1541 declaration of ratisborn made concessions to lutheranism (last attempt to restore unity in HRE through compromise)
-1547 defeats lutherans at battle of muhlberg = augsburg interim (religious settlement satisfied nobody)=french promised assistance to s league 1551 and convinced them to break truce=2nd s war
-1555 peace of augsburg, officially ended wars, allowed princes to choose religion, legal recognition of lutheranism, would only accept german prince as his successor

68
Q

what concessions were made in the declaration of ratisborn

A

safety to adherents to Augsburg confession, sanction secularisation of church property, right to reform monasteries, lutherans given imperial positions (pope condemned)

69
Q

who was charles representative in the hre

A

brother ferdinand 1522

70
Q

what was the battle of muhlberg

A

24th april 1547 army of 25,000 led by alba defeated lutherans
-increased dissensions in catholicism, church fearful of c power
-wars with france at a halt so could take on lutherans (mid 1540s) otherwise preferred negotiation as it wasn’t his priority (wanted united HRE)

71
Q

when was the inquisition introduced to the HRE

A

1522

72
Q

what were imperial diets

A

leading ecclesiastical princes and representatives of charles discussed HRE policies at imperial diets because HRE was politically fragmented
(many had own political agenda/never consensus)

73
Q

what territories did charles gain in HRE

A

artois
utrecht

spain (3 decks)

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