PHI 111-Test 2 Flashcards
How is RELIGION different from philosophy?
Religion seeks truth by intuition, faith, and revelation.
How is PHILOSOPHY different from religion?
Philosophy seeks truth by reason and argument
What is Hinduism?
Term used to designate the complex mosaic of religious beliefs and practices of the majority of people in India
What religion is a nontheist religion that believes in the “ultimate transformation” through an aspiration to escape the world of suffering by achieving Nirvana, which is the ultimate egoless state of bliss?
Buddhism
What is Daoism?
Also known as Taoism. A way of life inspired from the rhythms of the natural phenomena
What religion has a montheist religion that believes God (Yahweh) entered into a covenant with Abraham. Through devotion and obedience to the Yahweh, the people will enjoy special consideration and protection?
Judaism
What is Christianity?
A monotheist religion that split off from Judaism and believe that Jesus is the Son of God and Savior whose death and resurrection makes it possible for them to enjoy eternal life
What religion has a monotheist religion that believes Muhammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of God (Allah)?
Islam
If God is all good (omnibenevolent), then he ________ to _________ evil.
Wants; End
If God is ____________________, then he knows how to end evil.
All knowing (omniscience)
If God is all powerful (_____________), then he had the ability to end evil.
Omnipotent
So if evil exists…….
God shouldn’t exist because we know that in the Abrahamic faiths they believe that God is all good, all knowing, and all powerful.
What is natural evil?
The human calamities that are the result of natural disasters: earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, disease, crop-destroying droughts, and pestilence, starvation, and other aspects of the natural order that end up destroying lives and crushing human hopes.
What is moral evil?
The pain, suffering, and death inflicted by humans on humans through evil actions: murder, rape, physical abuse, theft, psychological torture, child abuse, warfare, genocide, discrimination, persecution, and other examples of human malevolence.
What is the problem of evil?
The problem of free choice is the problem of free will.
Know what philosophy of religion is NOT meant to do:
E. All of the above (transform you into an atheist, convert you from being an atheist or agnostic to a belief in God or gods, undermine your religious beliefs or “convert” you to another religion, engage you in emotional arguments with classmates over which is the one true religion).
Who set out to create a “secular humanism” or “realized Christianity”?
Feuerbach
Who defined religion as “a means toward ultimate transformation?”
Streng
Who believed that our definitions of religion tended to be biased?
Streng
Who argues that religion is the vital personal quest all must face when encountering nihility (there is no value or meaning in life):
Nishhitani
Which of the following atheists said: “Unless you assume a God, the question of life’s purpose is meaningless”?
Bertrand Russell
Religions that remain tied to the original people and location from which they developed are called:
Indigenous sacred ways
The name of this religion is defined as “way of life”:
Taoism
Considering the Logical Problem of Evil, the existence of a God (in the traditional western conception) is incompatible (impossible) if evil is present. Which of the following describes this inconsistency?
God is (1) omnibenevolent (all good) and (2) omnipotent (all powerful) while (3) evil is present in the world.
According to theists, what are some hidden premises in the logical problem of evil (working with the version given in the previous problem - number 24)?
If God is (1) omnibenevolent (all good), then he would want to stop evil; if God is (2) omnipotent (all powerful) he has the ability to stop evil.
In order for Alvin Platinga’s response to the Logical Problem of Evil to work, he MUST demonstrate:
that it is MERELY possible that God can coexist with evil in the world.
According to Platinga, even though God is omnipotent (all powerful), it is…
all of the above (not within his power to guarantee that free creatures will make good choices, not within his power to create a world containing moral good, but no moral evil, it is not possible for him to carry out logical contradictions)
According to Platinga, even though God is all good and desires a world without evil…
God might have sufficient reasons for allowing pain and suffering in the world.
Even though nearly all atheists and theists agree that the Logical Problem of Evil does not work, they also agree that the Evidential Problem of Evil presents a stronger case against God. In essence, it claims:
God’s existence is improbable considering the evil (especially, the apparent pointless evil) in the world.
A term used to designate the complex mosaic of religious beliefs and practices of the majority of people in India.
Hinduism
A monotheist religion that believes Muhammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of God (Allah).
Islam
A nontheist religion that believes in the “ultimate transformation” through an aspiration to escape the world of suffering by achieving Nirvana, which is the ultimate egoless state of bliss.
Buddhism
A monotheist religion that believes God (Yahweh) entered into a covenant with Abraham. Through devotion and obedience to the Yahweh, the believers will enjoy special consideration and protection.
Judaism
A monotheist religion that split off from Judaism and believes that Jesus is the son of God an savior whose death and resurrection makes it possible for believers’ souls to enjoy eternal life in Heaven.
Christianity
When it is assumed that the evidence for God’s existence is “50/50”, this argument claims it is still one’s best interests to believe there is a God.
Paschal’s Wager
Whatever begins to exists has a cause. The universe begin to exist. Therefore, the universe had a cause.
Cosmological
The argument that claims the apparent order in the universe gives evidence of a designer.
Teleological
An argument that argues the existence of God from the idea of God.
Ontological
This argument claims that if anything can be conceived as greater than ultimate reality, then that new concept would be ultimate reality.
Ontological
One of the basic objections for this argument for God’s existence is that the universe could be eternal.
Cosmological
Contrary to the theist’s conclusion, there is disorder and chaos in the universe, displayed by the immense amount of suffering in the world (to name one example).
Teleological
You can give a similar argument for “the perfect island”.
Ontological
Contrary to this “ultimate desire” pointing to a divine being, this Desire could be a cultivated over generations of evolutionary development.
Argument from Desire
In response to a moral standard placed in human nature by a divine being, many atheists respond that right and wrong could depend on the individual or culture.
Moral Argument
This argument shows that this being must be supremely knowledgeable and wise.
Teleological Argument
This argument tries to show that this being is ultimately desirable.
Argument from Desire
This being is supremely powerful and personal.
Cosmological Argument
There is reason to believe that this being is supremely good and cares about goodness.
Moral Argument
This argument rationalizes that this being must be ultimate reality.
Ontological Argument
Studying philosophy of religion is NOT designed to…
Turn all persons into atheists and engage persons in emotional arguments.
Studying philosophy of religion is designed to…
expand, enrich, and deepen your understanding of other religions.
Theists argue that “the problem of evil” (both the “logical” and “evidential” versions) assume a _______ of good. So, the question arises - where does the “standard” _____ _____?
standard, come from?
Arguments for the existence of God were presented to…
satisfy a desire for objective proof of a transcendent being.
A theodicy is a _______ of the justness or ________ of God in the face of doubts or objections arising from the problem of evil.
defense, goodness
Medieval philosophers were irrational and only had subjective reasons for belief in God, a result of “the dark ages”.
False
For Buddhists, all suffering emanates from ______.
Desire
For Judaism, devotion and obedience to Yahweh will result in _________ ________ and __________.
Special consideration, protection
The goals of St. Thomas Aquinas was….
,first, to show that faith and reason were consistent with one another, and second, to show what one accepts as faith could be demonstrated with rational argument.
For Clifford, one can believe in God’s existence without sufficient evidence.
False
Theists argue that the atheist, in order to claim there is “pointless evil” in the world, MUST possess ____________ (all knowledge) in order to make this claim.
omniscience
Religion and philosophy essentially mean the same thing.
False
Lewis’ trilemma claims that Jesus was either _______, ____, or _________.
Lord, Liar, Lunatic.
Learning about a religion is very SIMILAR to living a religion.
False
Even though it sounds nice, one of the issues with saying that “All paths lead to the same destination” is that some people may not get what they want - meaning they arrive at the “destination” they would not prefer.
True
