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Lower Extremity Anatomy And Biomechanics > Phases of gait > Flashcards

Phases of gait Flashcards

1
Q

What is happening at Initial contact at each joint ?

A
  • subtalar: is inverted (2deg) and Tib post is eccentrically controlling it.
  • ankle: in DF, pretibials eccentrically controlling it, external moment (PF)
  • knee: is extended and ER, quads are ECC controlling it and external moment is extended
  • hip: in flexion (35 deg) slight ADD and ER, hip extensors are ECC controlling it and external moment is flexion
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2
Q

What is happening at Loading response at each joint ?

A
  • subtalar: is pronated (5 deg) and Tib post is eccentrically controlling it.
  • ankle: in PF, pretibials and soleus eccentrically controlling it, external moment PF
  • knee: is flexed (15 deg) and IR, quads are eccentric controlling it and external moment is flexed
  • hip: in flexion and IR, glut max and HS are concentric and glut med is eccentric controlling it and external moment is flexion
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3
Q

What is happening at Midstance at each joint ?

A
  • subtalar: is supinating and Tib post is concentric.
  • ankle: is neutral and going into DF, soleus eccentrically controlling it, external moment DF
  • knee: is neutral, quads, popliteus and gasctroc are Concentric and external moment is neutral
  • hip: in early IR in late ER, iliopsoas are eccentric and glut med is isometric and external moment is neutral
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4
Q

What is happening at Terminal stance at each joint ?

A
  • subtalar: is maximally supinated and fibularis’s are eccentric.
  • ankle: DF (10 deg), soleus eccentrically controlling it, external moment DF
  • knee: extended and ER hamstrings are eccentric gasctroc are Concentric to begin flexing knee and external moment is extension
  • hip: extended and ER, TFL is eccentric external moment is extension
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5
Q

What is happening at preswing at each joint ?

A
  • subtalar: MTP DF, peroneals are eccentrically controlling it
  • ankle: is PF (20 deg), Plantar flexors are concentric, external moment DF
  • knee: flexed (45 deg) and ER, popliteus is Concentric and rectus femoris is eccentrically controlling it and external moment is flexion
  • hip: neutral, rectus femoris is concentric and adductors are eccentrically controlling it and external moment is neutral
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6
Q

What is happening at initial swing at each joint?

A
  • subtalar: supinated and peroneals are concentric
  • ankle: DF, pretrials are concentric
  • knee: peak flex then starts to extend, bicep femoris is concentric
  • hip: rapid flexion, hip flexors are concentric
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7
Q

What is happening at mid swing at each joint?

A
  • subtalar: supinated and peroneals are concentric
  • ankle: DF and pretibials are concentric
  • knee: extended and hamstrings are eccentrically controlling it
  • hip: flexion, hip flexors are concentric then extensors are eccentrically controlling it
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8
Q

What is happening at terminal swing at each joint?

A
  • subtalar: supinated and peroneals are concentric
  • ankle: neutral and pretibials are essentially controlling it
  • knee: extended and flexors are eccentrically controlling it
  • hip: slight flexion (20 deg), hip flexors are eccentrically controlling it
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9
Q

How many phases of gait are there?

A

8

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10
Q

how many phases occur in the stance phase?

A

5

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11
Q

How many phases occur in the swing phase?

A

3

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12
Q

What is the first rocker? explain it?

A
  • heel rocker
  • Initial contact to loading response (foot flat)
  • translates vertical component of ground reaction force to forward progression of tibial through the link of eccentric contraction of the Tibialis anterior to decelerate rate
  • external moment PF
  • internal moment DF (controls PF)
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13
Q

what is the significance of the rockers?

A

the phase in the cycle where the primary movement takes place

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14
Q

What is the second rocker? explain it?

A
  • ankle rocker
  • foot flat (loading response) to midstance (heel raise)
  • continue the rate of forward progression of the body as tibia rotates at the ankle over the fixed foot utilizing eccentric control of the gastroc/soleus
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15
Q

Is the first rocker acceleration or deceleration?

A

-period of deceleration

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16
Q

What is the third rocker? explain it?

A
  • forefoot rocker
  • terminal stance through preswing
  • ankle in 10 deg of DF at heel off
  • extends the period of ground reaction force through the gastroc/soleus muscles to make full use of the ground reaction vectors and extend moment to help influence the swing portion of the gait cycle
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17
Q

Is the third rocker acceleration or deceleration?

A

-period of acceleration

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18
Q

During the stance phase, when is there single and double limb support?

A
  • single: mid stance and termial stance (happens more than double limb)
  • double: happens only 2 times during initial contact through loading response and at the preswing phase
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19
Q

what percent does the stance phase happen during gait cycle?

A

62% of gait cycle

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20
Q

What are the 5 phases of stance phase?

A
  • initial contact
  • loading response
  • midstance
  • terminal stance
  • preswing
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21
Q

Describe initial contact?

A
  • the point when he foot contacts the ground
  • the beginning point of the stance phase
  • where the heel rocker happens
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22
Q

What is the critical event during initial contact?

A

contact with the heel

23
Q

Describe loading response?

A
  • phase from initial contact until the contralateral leg leaves the ground
  • weight is transferred
  • shock is absorbed as weight is rapidly transferred to the stance leg
  • allows for forward propulsion
  • also can be called foot flat phase
24
Q

Is loading response accelerating or decelerating?

A

-stance limb is decelerating

25
Q

What percent of the gait cycle is the loading response?

A

10-12 %

26
Q

What does plantar flexion initiate during the first heel rocker?

A

slight knee flexion to bring the tibia forward

27
Q

Describe midstance?

A
  • period when the contralateral extremity lifts off the ground and continues to a position in which the body as progressed over and added of the supporting extremity
  • the momentum moves the mass forward and slightly up
  • heel leaves the ground as progression over stance limbs
  • PERIOD OF RELATIVE CONTROL
28
Q

What is the critical event during mid stance phase?

A

-controlled tibial advancement-ankle rocker

29
Q

What percent is the mid stance phase of the gait cycle?

A

20% of gait cycle

30
Q

Foot flat is also the same as what?

A

pronated foot

31
Q

What does it mean when the external moment is neutral?

A

the axis is going right through that joint

32
Q

Describe terminal stance?

A
  • occurs from mid stance to a point just before initial contact of the contralateral extremity
  • the heel is leaving the ground as you are moving up on your forefoot
  • body is moving ahead of the limb
33
Q

What is the critical event for terminal stance?

A

-ankle locked in dorsiflexion when heel raise-forefoot rocker

34
Q

Is the third rocker a period of acceleration or deceleration?

A

-period of acceleration

35
Q

What happens if the ankle is not locked in DF at the forefoot rocker?

A

you lose heel raise and you get a loss of knee extension

36
Q

What is the importance of supination of the foot during the gait cycle?

A

it provides a rigid lever for push off

37
Q

Describe preswing?

A
  • occurs just after heel-off to toe-off
  • rapid unloading of the limb occurs
  • occurs during loading response of the opposite limb
  • when the weight transferred to the contralateral limb = (weight release/transfer)
  • positions the limb for the swing phase
38
Q

What percent of the gait cycle is the preswing phase?

A

10%

39
Q

What is the significance of the great toe extending during preswing phase?

A

it is used for push off

40
Q

What are the 3 phases of the swing phase?

A
  • initial swing
  • midswing
  • terminal swing
41
Q

What percent of the gait cycle is the swing phase?

A

38%

42
Q

Describe initial swing please?

A
  • when the foot leaves the ground until maximal knee flexion in swing
  • advances the limb forward- thigh advances as the foot is lifted off the floor
  • allows for foot clearance
43
Q

Is the initial swing phase a phase of acceleration or deceleration?

A

-a phase of acceleration

44
Q

What are the critical events for initial swing phase?

A
  • hip flexion
  • knee flexion
  • thigh advances
45
Q

Describe midswing phase?

A
  • begins after initial swing and continues until the airborne tibia is in a vertical position
  • thigh continues to advance as the knee begins to extend
  • foot clears the ground
  • PERIOD OF RELATIVE CONTROL
46
Q

What are the critical events for midswing?

A
  • hip flexion
  • knee extends
  • ankle DF to neutral
47
Q

Why are the extensors eccentrically contracting during the midswing phase?

A

so you don’t have too rapid of hip flexion

48
Q

Describe terminal swing?

A
  • the knee is extending as the limb prepares to contact the ground
  • prepares the limb for a return to stance phase (initial contact)
49
Q

What are the critical events for terminal swing phase?

A
  • hip extension
  • hip/knee deceleration
  • ankle DF
50
Q

Is the terminal swing phase a phase of acceleration or deceleration?

A

A phase of deceleration

51
Q

What phases are all acceleration?

A
  • 3rd rocker
  • terminal stance
  • preswing
  • initial swing
52
Q

What phases are all control?

A

mid stance and mid swing

53
Q

What phases are all decelerating?

A
  • 1st rocker
  • loading response
  • initial contact
  • terminal swing
54
Q

What are you going to do thursday?

A

CELEBRATE!!!! WE ARE DONE!… with our first semester….

Lower Extremity Anatomy And Biomechanics (12 decks)

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