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Lower Extremity Anatomy And Biomechanics > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What is gait cycle?

A

full completion of a single limb’s stance phase and swing phase

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2
Q

What is stride length?

A

the full gait cycle specifically the distance of one foot at initial contact to that same foot at initial contact

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3
Q

What is step length?

A

length between one foot and the opposite foot

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4
Q

What is cadence?

A

number of steps taken in a given time period

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5
Q

What is an external force?

A

Gravity or Ground reaction force

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6
Q

External force is equal to?

A

External moments

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7
Q

In order to maintain equilibrium when an external force is acting on the body there needs to be a _______ force?

A

Internal

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8
Q

Internal forces are generally?

A

Muscles

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9
Q

Internal forces are equal to?

A

Internal moments

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10
Q

What is torque?

A

force times the distance

the ability of any force to cause rotation about an axis

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11
Q

What is a ground reaction force?

A

Force of the ground on the foot.

Is equal in magnitude the force that the body applies to the floor through the foot

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12
Q

What is the external torque generated by?

A

GRF on the foot

vary on the phase of gait

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13
Q

What counterbalances the external force?

A

muscle contractions, which is the internal force

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14
Q

What happens during single limb support?

A

Increase muscle stabilization standing on one leg

this also changes COG which changes the BOS

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15
Q

What kind of moments are created at the knee in the sagittal plane posture?

A

External flexion moment (pushing knee into flexion)

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16
Q

What kind of internal moment is needed to counteract external flexion moment at the knee in the sagittal plane?

A

Internal extension moment

Mainly the quadriceps femoris

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17
Q

What creates the external extension moment at the knee?

A

GRF anterior to the knee

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18
Q

What kind of internal moment needs to be generated to balance the external extension at the knee?

A

Internal flexion moment

Hamstrings, gastrocnemius, posterior knee capsule

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19
Q

What is the Center of Pressure? (CoP)

A

Cumulative forces in a given area at an instance in time

20
Q

What is CoP used to determine?

A

Helps determine the amount of force distributed over an area

21
Q

At IC where is the CoP located?

A

lateral to the mid heel

22
Q

At midstance where is the CoP?

A

Progresses along the lateral mid foot

23
Q

At terminal stance where is the CoP

A

under the medial forefoot

24
Q

What are the 6 determinants of gait?

A
  1. pelvic rotation
  2. lateral pelvic tilt
  3. lateral shift
  4. knee flexion
  5. ankle dorsiflexion
  6. heel rise
25
Q

determinants of gait- what happens with pelvic rotation?

A

Coupled with the advancement of the limb during swing and progression of the limb during stance

Swing side pelvis moves anteriorly to advance limb forward
In stance the pelvis moves back to a neutral position
Extends stride length
Functionally lengthens the limb

26
Q

What plane is pelvic rotation in?

A

Transverse plane

27
Q

If you can’t rotate the pelvis what will happen to your stride?

A

it won’t be as long

28
Q

Determinants of gait- what happens with lateral pelvic tilt (“pelvic drop”)

A

controlled, intended drop where swing-side pelvis drops approx 1in, toward the stance limb

Controls the vertical excursion of COM
-swing hip falls lower
-smooths pelvic trajectory
Requires swing knee flexion

29
Q

If you have a wider BOS you will have a larger?

A

Lateral shift

30
Q

Knee valgus causes ______ lateral shift?

A

decreased

31
Q

Determinants of gait- knee flexion during weight acceptance?

A

Reduces abrupt rise in COM during loading response

32
Q

Determinants of gait- what happens with ankle DF?

A

Early stance/ IC with heel

Ankle PF in late stance

  • functionally lengthens the limb during double support
  • reduces the drop of the COM
33
Q

Determinants of gait- what happens at heel rise?

A

Ankle PF and foot pronation functionally shortens the limb during LR
-smooth transition from double support swing

34
Q

Sagittal Kinematics

Pelvis?

A

anterior/posterior tilt

35
Q

Sagittal Kinematics

Hip?

A

In flexion at IC and moves into extension as the body progresses

36
Q

Sagittal Kinematics

Knee?

A

Knee flexion needed to minimize vertical translation

37
Q

Sagittal Kinematics

Ankle?

A

PF/DF

38
Q

Frontal Kinematics

Pelvis?

A

Lateral pelvic tilt

39
Q

Frontal Kinematics

Hip?

A

Moves with the pelvis

slight adduction until mid stance then the hip begins to abduct as foot leaves the ground

40
Q

Frontal Kinematics

Knee?

A

Minimal movement

Varus moment in stance then valgus in pressing and initial swing

41
Q

Frontal Kinematics

Subtalar jt?

A

pronation/supination

pronation IC and supination for push off

42
Q

Transverse Kinematics

Pelvis?

A

Axial rotation or internal/external rotation

43
Q

Transverse Kinematics

Hip?

A

Internal and External rotation

Slight ER at IC then move in IR

44
Q

Transverse Kinematics

Knee?

A

Tibia mirrors femur

45
Q

What direction does the trunk move compared to the pelvis? Why does this occur

A

Trunk moves opposite of pelvis

this is due to reverse arm swing

Lower Extremity Anatomy And Biomechanics (12 decks)

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