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ALC Phase 3 Mod 1 > Phase 3 Mod 2 Deck 1 > Flashcards

Phase 3 Mod 2 Deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is a medical reason not to give a medication.

A

Contraindication

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2
Q

__________ is the movement of the limbs toward the medial plane of the body or the axial line of a limb.

A

Adduction

adding to the body

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3
Q

_________ is the level of a medication in the blood in which tissue damage is likely.

A

Toxic level

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4
Q

What is the maximum recommended daily dose of acetaminophen?

A

3g

3,000 mg

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5
Q

What is penicillinase?

A

An enzyme produced by penicillin resistant bacterium which blocks penicillin inside the bacterium.

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6
Q

What is the approximate dose of toxicity associated with a single dose of acetaminophen ingestion?

A

Approximately 7 - 10 grams

150 mg/kg

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7
Q

How many points should NSAIDs be expected to lower pain on the 0-10 pain scale?

A

Lowered by 1-2 points

Ex. If pain was a 7, NSAIDs should lower pain to 5

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8
Q

__________ is an inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the inner and outer aspects of the elbow.

A

Epicondylitis

***The elbow joint is made up of the humerus and ulna. The bony prominences at the distal portion of the humerus are called the epicondyles.

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of shoulder dislocations?

A

Falling

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10
Q

_________ are broad spectrum antibiotics that are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterium.

A

Macrolides

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11
Q

Which classification of medications is commonly utilized for patients suffering from acute asthmatic exacerbations?

A

Corticosteroids

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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The flow of gas or liquid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

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13
Q

What are the two types of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)?

A

COX 1 - involved in the formation of prostaglandins that maintain the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa.

COX 2 - is made primarily in response to injury or inflammation and is involved in the formation of prostaglandins which cause inflammation.

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14
Q

_________ is the variable levels of a medication within the blood, between the therapeutic level and the toxic level.

A

Therapeutic range

Some medications have a “narrow” therapeutic range and require very close monitoring

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15
Q

What is the approximate half-life of Narcan?

A

0.5 - 1.5 hours

30 - 90 minutes

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16
Q

After a rapid ascent, your patient develops signs of dyspnea while at rest, cyanosis, rales, and tachypnea. What form of altitude sickness should you suspect?

A

HAPE - High Altitude Pulmonary Edema

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17
Q

Their are three anatomical planes of the human body. What are they?

A
  1. Sagittal (vertical): equal left and right halves
  2. Coronal (frontal): front and back plane
  3. Axial (transverse): upper and lower (midline; waist)
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18
Q

What classification of medications are commonly prescribed for acute back pain and/or spasms?

A

Muscle relaxers

  1. Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
  2. Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
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19
Q

Why are different bacterias determined to be either gram-positive or gram-negative?

A

Different classes of bacteria require different antibiotics or different dosing because of their own metabolism.

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20
Q

_________ is the study of substances that interact with living organisms through chemical processes.

A

Pharmacology

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21
Q

What is the approximate half-life of morphine sulfate?

A

2 - 3 hours

120 - 180 minutes

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22
Q

What is the approximate half-life of ketamine?

A

2.5 hours

150 minutes

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23
Q

What is a gradient?

A

The difference in pressures from the high concentration to the lower concentration.

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24
Q

How many generations of cephalosporins are there?

A

Four:

  1. 1st: gram-positive bacterium (cefazolin, cephalexin)
  2. 2nd: gram-positive bacterium (cefuroxime)
  3. 3rd: gram-positive/negative bacterium (Rocephin)
  4. 4th: gram-positive/negative bacterium (cefipme)
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25
Q

Which anatomical plane separates the body into superior and inferior portions?

A

Axial (transverse)

upper and lower (midline; waist)

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26
Q

What is tendon attrition?

A

Weakening of the tendons

could be caused by bone spurs rubbing together

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27
Q

Which anatomical plane separates the body into anterior and posterior portions?

A

Coronal (frontal)

front and back plane

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28
Q

Topical corticosteroids are categorized in groups by strength from 1 - 7. Which end of the spectrum is the strongest? Which end of the spectrum is the weakest?

A

1 is the strongest (prescription); 7 is the weakest (OTC)

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29
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

Inhibiting cell wall production of peptidoglycan

against gram-positive, aerobic organisms

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30
Q

__________ is a cerebral and/or pulmonary syndrome(s) that can develop in unacclimatized persons shortly after ascent to high altitude.

A

High Altitude Illness

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31
Q

_________ is when a medication is at its highest concentration (maximum benefit).

A

Peak

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32
Q

Which analgesic medication is known to potentially cause severe hypotension in an individual whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by depleted blood volume?

A

Morphine

Morphine may produce orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients

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33
Q

_________ is the time until the medication’s therapeutic effect wears off.

A

Duration of therapy

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34
Q

_________ the reasons or conditions for which a particular medication is given.

A

Indication

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35
Q

How many bones are their in the wrist?

A

Eight

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36
Q

What is the recommended adult dose of Tramadol (Ultram)?

A

50 - 100 mg q 4-6 hours

maximum dose: 400 mg/daily

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37
Q

__________ is the difference in pressures from the high concentration to the lower concentration.

A

Gradient

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38
Q

What is the best way to speed up acclimatization?

A

There isn’t one

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39
Q

Antibiotics:

What type of bacteria is penicillin effective against?

A

Gram-positive, aerobic organisms

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40
Q

__________ is the act of turning the palm posteriorly (backward) or inferiorly (downward) by medially rotating the forearm.

A

Pronation

laying prone

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41
Q

At low adult doses, which medication relieves pain twice as well as morphine?

A

Ketamine

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42
Q

_________ is the lowest level of medication in the blood in between dosages.

A

Trough

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43
Q

How long does the treatment for HAPE last while in a Gamow bag?

A

HAPE - High Altitude Pulmonary Edema:

Approximately 4 hours

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44
Q

_________ is the amount of medication given at or within a specified period of time.

A

Dose

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45
Q

__________ is acute swelling of the brain due to rapid ascent in altitude.

A

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

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46
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on fungi?

A

Antibiotics work by disrupting the chemical processes of bacteria and inhibit reproduction. Fungi however can reproduce either sexually or asexually.

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47
Q

_________ is the time until a medication’s therapeutic effect wears off.

A

Onset

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48
Q

_________ is the amount of medication per form of delivery (tablet, capsule, etc.).

A

Strength

  • Gm, Mg, Mcg - solids*
  • ** mL - fluids***
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49
Q

Which type of shoulder dislocation (direction wise) is the most common treated?

A

Anterior dislocations (98%)

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50
Q

_________ is a relative constant blood level of medication which is sustained after 5-6 half-lives of medication.

A

Steady state

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51
Q

__________ have a slower onset and longer duration, having been compounded with inhaled steroids for long-term control of asthma.

A

Long Acting Beta Agonists (LABA)

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52
Q

__________ requires people to ascend (rise) to a moderate altitude and remain there for 3 days or more to acclimatize before ascending higher.

A

Staged Ascent

***When possible, Soldiers should make several stops for staging during the ascent to allow a greater degree of acclimatization.

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53
Q

What is a common symptom of a patient suffering from HACE?

A

High Altitude Cerebral Edema: Ataxia (lack of coordination)

* to include altered mental status with headache, fatigue, nausea and/or vomiting*

54
Q

__________ includes any type of irritation or damage to your rotator cuff muscles or tendons.

A

Rotator cuff injuries

55
Q

When do symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) usually develop?

A

6-10 hours after ascent

56
Q

_________ - all of the limitations, considerations and instructions required, regarding a medication, to help achieve the desired physiological response while minimizing side effects.

A

Dosing parameters

57
Q

What is the primary organ that metabolizes acetaminophen?

A

Liver

58
Q

__________ is the movement of the forearm in which the palm faces up anteriorly.

A

Supination

holding a cup of soup

59
Q

What is the antidote for acute acetaminophen toxicity?

A

N-Acetylcysteine

Mucomyst

60
Q

__________ limits the daily altitude gain to allow partial acclimatization.
Example: Begin at 9,000 ft and limit the sleeping altitude to no more than 1,000 ft per day above the previous night’s sleeping altitude.

A

Graded Ascent

The altitude at which Soldier’s sleep is the critical element in this regard

61
Q

__________ is a partial or incomplete dislocation.

A

Subluxation

62
Q

How is medial epicondylitis pain reproduced?

A

With flexion and pronation

63
Q

__________ is the movement of the limbs toward the lateral plane or away the axial line of a limb.

A

Abduction

abducted from the body

64
Q

How long does the treatment for Acute Mountain Sickness last while in a Gamow bag?

A

Approximately 2 hours

65
Q

What is the primary organ injured subsequent to acetaminophen overdose?

A

Liver

66
Q

_________ occurs when infectious organisms adapt to antibiotics or antivirals and it takes either higher doses of the same medication or a change to different medication to kill the organism.

A

Resistance

67
Q

_________ is the process of the body breaking down and eliminating medications.

A

Metabolism

most medications are metabolized by the liver or kidneys

68
Q

__________ is a displacement of a bone from a joint.

A

Dislocation

69
Q

What is the average dosage range that morphine is titrated between?

A

5 - 20 mg

70
Q

What is the likely effectiveness of an antibiotic on a virus or fungus?

A

Ineffective

71
Q

__________ is inadequate oxygen content in the blood.

A

Hypoxia (also called hypoxemia)

72
Q

_________ is an immune response in which there is a hypersensitivity response induced by exposure to a particular medication, which could be life threatening in certain circumstances.

A

Allergy

73
Q

What is a common side effect of pseudoephedrine that medics should be cognizant of?

A

Potential to elevate blood pressure

74
Q

The term eustachian refers to the __________.

A

Ears

75
Q

_________ occurs when medication is administered in variable strength, interval, and quantity to achieve and maintain a desired, observable physiological effect.

A

Titration (titrate to effect)

76
Q

__________ are portable pressure chambers used to treat casualties with high altitude sickness disorders.

A

Gamow bag(s)

77
Q

What does “comorbidities” refer to?

A

Other medical problems, besides the reason the current medication is being administered, which may affect metabolism or may make the patient more susceptible for a side effect or toxicity.

78
Q

__________ rapidly open the bronchi and are useful in acute cases such as asthma attacks in asthmatics..

A

Short Acting Beta Agonists (SABA)

79
Q

__________ is acute accumulation of fluid in the alveoli due to rapid ascent in altitude.

A

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

80
Q

How long does the treatment for HACE last while in a Gamow bag?

A

HACE - High Altitude Cerebral Edema

Approximately 6 hours

81
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Pharmacology is the study of substances that interact with living organisms through chemical processes.

82
Q

What are the three main factors that affect medication dosages?

A
  1. Body weight
  2. Comorbidities
  3. Age
83
Q

_________ is an unintended, but not-surprising consequence of a medication (besides an allergy) which may require a medication dose be changed or discontinued.

A

Side effect

84
Q

__________ is the painful inflammation of the tendons on the inner aspect of the elbow.

A

Medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow)

aka wrist flexor tendonitis or elbow tendonitis

85
Q

_________ is the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases.

A

Medical pharmacology

86
Q

_________ occurs when the body has adapted to having a medication regularly and now requires higher or more frequent doses to achieve the therapeutic effect.

A

Tolerance

87
Q

At high doses, which medication dissociates conscious thought from sensory input, including pain (Patient just doesn’t care).

A

Ketamine

88
Q

What are the two categories of contraindications?

A
  1. Absolute - medical reason to NEVER give medication

2. Relative - medical reason a medication should not be given, but may be acceptable in certain circumstances.

89
Q

Why should the use of oxymetazoline (Afrin) be limited to 3 days or less?

A

Use greater then 3 days may result in rhinitis medicamentosa, where the nasal membranes are dependent on the medication.

90
Q

What gland produces cortisol, which is an anti-inflammatory steroid?

A

Adrenal gland

91
Q

What is the most effective way to prevent high altitude illnesses and achieve maximum acclimatization?

A

Combine the staged ascent and graded ascent

92
Q

Gram _________ indicates that the cell membrane outer structure consists of a cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a thin layer of peptidoglycan.

A

Gram-negative

due to the thin layer of peptidoglycan, the bacterium does NOT retain the color of the gram staining

93
Q

_________ is the range of acceptable DOSAGES of a medication needed to keep blood levels within the therapeutic range.

A

Therapeutic window

Some medications have a “narrow” therapeutic window and require very close monitoring

94
Q

__________ is the process whereby the body gradually adapts to the climate and environment.

A

Acclimatization

95
Q

_________ is the blood level of a medication required to achieve the therapeutic effect.

A

Therapeutic level

96
Q

Which class of antibiotics are know to stimulate motilin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and cause diarrhea?

A

Macrolides

97
Q

What medication can be used to help patients suffering from some degree of altitude sickness (AMS, HAPE, HACE)?

A

Diamox (acetazolamide) 250 mg PO q 8-12 hrs

98
Q

What are the two methods for achieving acclimatization?

A
  1. Staged Ascent

2. Graded Ascent

99
Q

_________ is a substance that forms a tough, rigid structure of the bacterium wall.

A

Peptidoglycan

  • indicates gram-positive bacteria*
  • due to the thick layer of peptidoglycan, the bacterium retains the color of the gram staining*
100
Q

What medication is used as an opioid antagonist?

A

Narcan (naloxone)

101
Q

What are the TWO main key concerns (side effects) when administering morphine sulfate?

A
  1. Respiratory depression

2. Hypotension

102
Q

What is the primary cause of death subsequent to toxic acetaminophen ingestion?

A

Liver failure (usually within 1 week)

103
Q

What are the two categories that gram-stain testing places bacteria in?

A
  1. Gram-postive

2. Gram-negative

104
Q

__________ is a syndrome due to rapid ascent in altitude consisting of headache, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.

A

Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)

105
Q

What is Methocarbamol (Robaxin) and Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) primarily prescribed for?

A

Acute back pain and/or spasms

106
Q

What do corticosteroids simulate?

A

Cortisol, which is an anti-inflammatory steroid produced in the adrenal gland.

107
Q

_________ is the time it takes for the body to eliminate 1/2 of the medication dose.

A

Half-life

***Ex: Benadryl has a half-life of nine hours. If a PT takes 50 mg at 21:00, then nine hours later (06:00), the PT still has 25 mg in his/her system. Nine hours after that (15:00), the PT has 12.5 mg in his/her system.

108
Q

What is the standard dose for Narcan?

A

0.4 - 2.0 mg IV, IO, ET (x2 dose)

109
Q

Why is it recommended that patients rinse their mouth after using a corticosteroid inhaler?

A

To reduce the risk of oral candidiasis (thrush)

110
Q

_________ is the recommended time period between doses of a medication.

A

Dosing interval

111
Q

Meloxicam (Mobic) is an example of which type of NSAID?

A

Cyclo-oxygenase 2

COX-2

112
Q

__________ is movement that decreases the angle between two articulating bones, bending the limb.

A

Flexion

113
Q

Other medical problems, besides the reason the current medication is being administered, which may affect metabolism or may make the patient more susceptible for a side effect or toxicity is defined as:

A

Comorbidities

114
Q

The management of which form of high altitude sickness includes the use of Dexamethasone (4 mg PO, IM or IV q 6 hrs) and/or Nifedipine ‘Procardia’ (10 mg gel caps)

A

HAPE - High Altitude Pulmonary Edema

115
Q

Which NSAID is prohibited in combat theaters except in cases of medical necessity?

A

Aspirin (ASA)

due to concern of worse hemorrhaging due to its affects on platelet formation

116
Q

__________ is a fluid-filled cavity near joints, where tendons or muscles pass over bony projections.

A

Bursitis (bursea)

117
Q

__________ is a localized or generalized excessive amount of tissue fluid (swelling).

A

Edema

118
Q

Which medications are intended to kill or inhibit the reproduction of bacteria?

A

Antibiotics

119
Q

__________ is movement that increases the angle between two adjoining bones.

A

Extension

120
Q

Gram _________ indicates the presence of peptidoglycan.

A

Gram-positive

121
Q

__________ is the painful inflammation of the tendons on the outer aspect of the elbow.

A

Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

aka wrist extensor tendonitis or elbow tendonitis

122
Q

Which analgesic medication is chemically related to phencyclidine (aka PCP or Angel Dust) but has very potent analgesic and dissociative effects?

A

Ketamine

123
Q

__________ is the pressure of one particular gas in a gas mixture (such as the pressure of just oxygen mixed in the atmosphere).

A

Partial Pressure

124
Q

Which classification of medications block cyclo-oxygenase?

A

NSIADs

125
Q

_________ is involved in the formation of prostaglandins that maintain the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa.

A

Cyclo-oxygenase 1
(COX-1)

Non-selective NSAIDs

126
Q

Which anatomical plane separates the body into left and right sides?

A

Sagittal (vertical)

127
Q

What is a positive Sulcus sign? What type of injury does it suggest?

A

Sulcus sign is suggestive of a shoulder dislocation due to a pocket (or void) where the shoulder joint should be (if positive).

the pocket is caused by negative pressure

128
Q

_________ is the desired change in physiology for administering the medication.

A

Therapeutic effect

129
Q

Erythromycin and azithromycin are examples of which antibiotic?

A

Macrolides

130
Q

What are the three categories of patient dosages?

A
  1. Single dose - amount of medication administered at one time.
  2. Maximum dose - the largest amount of medication either as a single dose or within a period of time such as 24 hours.
  3. Cumulative dose - the sum of all single doses over either a lifetime or a period of time.
131
Q

How doe NSAIDs work?

A

NSAIDs block cyclo-oxygenase (COX)

132
Q

__________ is the largest carpal bone in the wrist and the most likely to fracture.

A

Scaphoid

FOOSH (Fall On Outstretched Hand) injuries

ALC Phase 3 Mod 1 (7 decks)

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