Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENT > Pharynx > Flashcards

Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

Length of pharynx

A

12-14 cm

From base of skull

To cricoid cartilage (lower border) anteriorly and level C6 posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Width of pharynx

A

3.5 cm at base
1.5cm at pharyngoesophageal junction

Narrowest part of digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Layers of pharyngeal wall (inwards to outwards)

A

Mucous membrane
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
Muscular coat
Buccopharyngeal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Continuos with
Eustachian tube
Nasal cavity
Mouth
Larynx
Esophagus

Nasopharynx has ciliated columnar
Other region has Stratified squamous

Contributes to pharyngobasilar fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pharyngeal aponeurosis

A

Fibrous
Thick near base of skull
Fills gap near sinus of morgagni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Muscular coat

A

2 layers (each 3 muscles)
External layer (inner circular)
Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
Internal layer (outer longitudinal)
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Buccopharyngeal fascia

A

Covers
Outer surface of constrictors

Upper part covers buccinator muscle

Blends with pharyngeal aponeurosis at upper border of superior constrictor

Inferiorly continues to pretracheal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Killian’s Dehiscence

A

Potential gap between thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus
(2 parts of inferior constrictor muscles)

“Gateway of tears”- perforate during esophagoscopy
Site of herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

Ring throughout pharynx in subepithelial layer of aggregated lymphoid tissues

Nasopharyngeal tonsil / adenoids
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil
Tubal tonsil (in fossa of rosenmuller)
Lateral pharyngeal bands
Nodules (in post. Pharyngeal wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Divisions of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx / Epipharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx / Laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anatomy of Nasopharynx

A

Roof - basisphenoid
Basiocciput
Post. Wall - arch of atlas
Prevertebral muscles+fascia
Floor - soft palate
Nasopharyngeal isthmus
Ant. Wall - Choanae
Lateral wall - Eustachian tube opening
Torus tubarius
Fossa of rosenmuller
Salpingopharyngeal fold

Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nasopharyngeal Bursa

A

Epithelial lined median recess

From pharyngeal mucosa to periosteum of basiocciput.

Represents attachment of notochord to pharyngeal endoderm in embryonic life.

Abcess can form - Thornwaldt disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rathke’s pouch

A

Dimple above adenoids

Cricopharyngioma may arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tubal tonsil

A

Subepithelial lymphoid tissue
Form Waldeyers ring
Occludes eustachian tube during infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sinus of morgagni

A

Space between base of skull and sup. Constrictor muscle

Structures enter
Eustachian tube
Levator veli palatini
Tensor veli palatini
Ascending palatine artery(facial A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Passavant’s Ridge

A

Mucosal ridge raised by palatopharyngeus fibres

Encircles post. And lateral walls of nasopharyngeal isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functions of Nasopharynx

A

Conduit of air
Ventilates middle ear + equalize air pressure +hearing
Elevation of soft palate (swallowing,vomiting,gagging,speech)
Resonating chamber (voice disorders)
Drainage channel of mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anatomy of Oropharynx

A

Post. Wall - retropharyngeal space
Ant. Wall - Base of tongue
Lingual tonsil
Valleculae
Glossoepiglotic fold
Pharyngoepiglottic fold
Lateral wall - palatine / faucial tonsil
Anterior pillar
Posterior pillar
Tonsillar fossa (palatine tonsil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of Oropharynx

A

Conduit of air and food
Pharyngeal phase of deglutition
Speech sounds
Help in taste (taste buds)
Local defence + immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anatomy of hypopharynx

A

Superiorly From plane of body of hyoid bone to posterior pharyngeal wall
Inferior limit is lower border of cricoid
Opp. To C3,C4,C5,C6 vertebra

Divided in 3 regions:-
Piriform sinus(fossa)
Postcricoid region
Post. Pharyngeal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functions of hypopharynx

A

Pathway for air and food.
Speech sounds
Helps in deglutition

Failure of cricopharyngeal Sphincter causing hypopharyngeal diverticulum.

22
Q

Acute pharyngitis clinical features

A

Mild
Throat discomfort
Malaise
Low grade fever
Pharynx congested
No lymphadenopathy
Moderate + severe
Throat pain
Dysphagia
Headache
Malaise
High fever
Pharynx (edema,exudate,enlarged tonsil,lymphoid follicles)

Very severe
Soft palate edema
Uvula edema
Enlarged cervical nodes

Viral infections
Mild
Rhinorrhoea
Hoarseness

23
Q

Treatment of acute pharyngitis

A

Bed rest
Fluids
Warm saline gargles
Pharyngeal irrigation
Analgesics

Local discomfort relieved by lignocaine viscous before meal (facilitates swallowing)

24
Q

Specific treatment of acute pharyngitis

A

Streptococcal
Penicillin / Benzathine Penicillin G
Erythromycin (to penicillin sensitive)

Diphtheria
Diphtheria antitoxin
Penicillin / Erythromycin

Gonococcal
Penicillin / Tetracyclin

25
Q

Viral infections causing acute pharyngitis

A

Herpangina ( coxsackie virus)
Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus)
Cytomegalovirus
Pharyngoconjuctival fever (adenovirus)
Acute lymphonodular Pharyngitis
Measles
Chickenpox

26
Q

Fungal pharyngitis

A

Candida
Extension of oral thrush

Immunosuppression, Diabetes,High dose steroids

Throat pain + Dysphagia

Hyphae and spores in microscope

Tt of Nystatin / Itraconazole

27
Q

Chronic pharyngitis pathology

A

Hypertrophy of
Mucosa
Seromucinous glands
Subepithelial lymphoid follicles
Muscular coat

28
Q

2 types of chronic pharyngitis

A

Chronic catarrhal
Chronic hypertrophic / granular

29
Q

Factors causing chronic pharyngitis

A

Persistent infection
Mouth breathing (obstruction of nose / nasopharynx)
Chronic irritants
Pollution
Faulty voice production

30
Q

Clinical features of chronic pharyngitis

A

Throat pain
Throat discomfort
Foreign body sensation in throat
Voice tiredness
Cough

31
Q

Signs of chronic catarrhal pharyngitis

A

Post. Pharyngeal wall congested
Vessel engorgement
Thickened faucial pillar
Mucus secretion increased

32
Q

Signs of chronic Hypertrophic / granular pharyngitis

A

Thick + edematous pharyngeal wall
Congested mucosa
Dilated vessels
Hypertrophy of lateral pharyngeal bands
Uvula elongated + edematous
Post. Pharyngeal wall reddish granules (hypertrophy of subepithelial lymphoid follicles

33
Q

Treatment of chronic pharyngitis

A

Voice rest
Speech therapy
Avoid hawking and clearing of throat
Warm saline gargles
Mandl’s paint on mucosa
Cautery of lymphoid granules (touched with 10%-25% silver nitrate)

34
Q

Atrophic pharyngitis

A

With atrophic rhinitis
Atrophy - pharyngeal mucosa
Scanty mucus
Crust formation
Foul smell (infected crusts)

35
Q

Clinical features of atrophic pharyngitis

A

Throat dryness
Throat discomfort
Hawking + Dry cough
Crust formation
Dry + glazed pharyngeal mucosa

36
Q

Treatment of atrophic Pharyngitis

A

Spray alkaline solution
Pharyngeal irrigation
Mandl’s paint
Potassium iodide 325mg (prevent crust + promote secretion)

37
Q

Features of keratosis pharyngitis

A

Benign
Horny excrescences (on tonsil surface, pharyngeal wall, lingual tonsil)
White / yellowish dots
Hypertrophy + keratinised epithilium
Firmly adherent
No inflammation
No symptoms

May show spontaneous regression

38
Q

Anatomy of Tonsil

A

Ovoid shaped
In lateral wall of Oropharynx
2 surfaces
Medial
Lateral
2 poles
Upper
Lower

39
Q

Blood supply of tonsil

A

Facial artery
Tonsillar br
Ascending palatine br
External carotid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Dorsal linguae
Maxillary
Descending palatine

40
Q

Nerve supply of tonsil

A

Sphenopalatine ganglion
Lesser palatine br
Glossopharyngeal nerve

41
Q

Functions of tonsil

A

Local immunity
Surveillance mechanism

42
Q

Tonsils consist of

A

Surface epithelium
Crypts
Lymphoid tissue

43
Q

Acute tonsillitis classification

A

Acute catarrhal /superficial
Acute follicular
Acute Parenchymatous
Acute Membranous (exudation from crypts coalesces)

44
Q

Causes of infection in acute tonsillitis

A

Haemolytic streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Pneumococci
H. Influenza

45
Q

Symptoms of acute tonsillitis

A

Sore throat
Difficult swallowing
Fever (chills + rigor)
Earache (acute otitis media)
Headache
Body ache
Malaise
Constipation

46
Q

Signs of acute tonsillitis

A

Breath - foetid
Tongue - coasted
Pillars, soft palate, uvula - Hyperaemia
Tonsil
Acute follicular
Red
Swollen
Yellowish spots
Acute membranous
Whitish membrane (medial surface)
Acute parenchymatous
Enlarged
Congested
Oedema (uvula + soft palate)
Meet in midline
Jugulodigastric lymph nodes
Enlarged
Tender

47
Q

Treatment of acute tonsillitis

A

Bed rest
Fluids
Analgesics
Antimicrobial (penicillin /erythromycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin)

48
Q

Complication of acute tonsillitis

A

Chronic tonsillitis
Peritonsillar abscess
Paraphyrangeal abscess
Cervical abscess
Acute otitis media (recurrent)
Rheumatic fever (grp A beta hemolytic)
Acute glomerulonephritis
Subacute bacterial endocarditis (viridans)

49
Q

Differential diagnosis in acute tonsillitis

A

Membranous tonsillitis
Diphtheria
Vincent angina
Infectious mononucleosis
Agranulocytosis
Leukemia
Aphthous ulcers
Malignancy tonsil
Traumatic ulcer
Candida infection of tonsil

50
Q

Clinical features of faucial diphtheria

A

Oropharynx
Greyish white membrane
Tonsil
Soft palate
Posterior pharyngeal wall
Bleeding when removed
Tenacious
Cervical lymph nodes
Jugulodigastric
Enlarged
Tender
Bull neck appearance
Fever not rise above 38°

51
Q

Complications of faucial tonsillitis

A

Exotoxin

Cardiac
Myocarditis
Cardiac arrhythmia
Acute circulatory failure
Neurological
Paralysis
soft palate
Diaphragm
Ocular muscles
Larynx
Membrane cause airway obstruction

ENT (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions