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Oral Biology > Pharyngeal arches > Flashcards

Pharyngeal arches Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cysts

A

sealed cavity filled with air, pus, fluid

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2
Q

sinus

A

cavity within a tissue, can open externally

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3
Q

fistula

A

abnormal connection between 2 structures

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4
Q

migration

A

cells move (or don’t) during development

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5
Q

Proliferation

A

growth in cell number thru cell division

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6
Q

Genetics

A

mutations change patterns in migration, proliferation, etc..

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7
Q

how many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5

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8
Q

when do pharyngeal arches emerge?

A

at neural tube closure

about 4 weeks of development

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9
Q

what is unique about the first arch

A

shows two prominences

  • maxillary prominence
  • mandibular promnence
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10
Q

what are the components found in each arch?

A

nerve, artery, cartilage, and muscular component

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11
Q

aortic arches

A

arise from mesoderm and bridge between the truncus arteriosus and the dorsal aorta

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12
Q

aortic arch 1

A

maxillary and external carotid

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13
Q

aortic arch 2

A

stapedial

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14
Q

aortic arch 3

A

common and internal carotid

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15
Q

aortic arch 4

A

aortic and subclavian

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16
Q

aortic arch 6

A

pulmonary

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17
Q

cartilage arch 1

A

meckel’s cartilage, maxilla, mandible, malleus, incus

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18
Q

cartilage arch 2

A

stapes, styloid process, lesser horn and upper portion of body of hyoid bone

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19
Q

cartilage arch 3

A

greater horn and lower portion of body of hyoid bone

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20
Q

cartilage arch 4-6

A

laryngeal cartilages

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21
Q

muscles arch 1

A

muscles of mastication

eg: temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids

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22
Q

muscles arch 2

A

all muscles of facial expression

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23
Q

muscles arch 3

A

stylopharyngeus

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24
Q

muscles arch 4

A

constrictors of pharynx

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25
Q

muscles arch 6

A

intrinsic muscles of larynx

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26
Q

nerves of arch 1

A

trigeminal

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27
Q

nerves of arch 2

A

facial nerve

28
Q

nerves of arch 3

A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

29
Q

nerves of arch 4

A

vagus superior laryngeal

30
Q

nerves of arch 6

A

recurrent laryngeal

31
Q

mandibular process of arch 1 forms:

A

lower lip, lower face, lower cheek regions, chin, mandible, body of the tongue

32
Q

maxillary process of arch 1 forms:

A

midface, upper cheek regions, upper lip sides, secondary palate, maxilla, and zygomatic bone

33
Q

treacher collins syndrome mutation

A

Treachle gene mutation

1st arch syndrome

34
Q

Pierre Robin sequence

A

hypoplasia of mandible, misplacement of tongue, cleft palate, defects of eye and ear, airway obstruction
*cause is unknown

35
Q

How many pharyngeal grooves are there?

A

4

36
Q

pharyngeal grooves/clefts are made of what origin?

A

ectoderm

37
Q

which cleft is the only cleft not obliterated in development?

A

the 1st one

38
Q

what does the 1st cleft give rise to?

A

the external auditory meatus

39
Q

Preauricular sinus and cysts

A

often unilateral 1st or 2nd arch defect

40
Q

Branchial sinuses, cysts, and fistulas

Lateral cervical

A

uncommon, open to external(to neck), failure of second groove or cervical sinus to obliterate
*if it is continuous with skin of neck it is a fistula

41
Q

Branchial sinuses, cysts, and fistulas

Internal branchial

A

rare, persistent second pouch, open into intratonsillar cleft (into pharynx)
2nd pouch defect

42
Q

how many pharyngeal pouches do you have?

A

4 or 5 pairs

43
Q

pouches are of what origin?

A

endodermal origin

44
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch gives to what structure?

A

distal portion- forms middle ear and makes the inner portion of tympanic membrane
proximal: forms eustachian tube

45
Q

second pharyngeal pouch gives to what structure?

A

the lining of the crypts in the palatine tonsils and tonsillar fossa

46
Q

third pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

inferior parathyroid gland(dorsal wing) and the thymus(ventral wing)

47
Q

Fourth pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

superior parathyroid gland(dorsal) and the ultimobranchial body aka C cells of thyroid (ventral wing)

48
Q

migration defects:

cervical thymus

A

cord of thymus persists in neck on path of descent

49
Q

migration defects:

accessory thymus

A

piece of thymus remaining in path of descent

50
Q

DiGeorge syndrome

A

failure of 3rd and 4th pouches to differentiate into thymus, parathyroid
-neural crest defects

51
Q

DiGeorge syndrome CATCH 22

A 
C: cardiac abnormality (tetralogy of Fallot)
A: abnormal faces
T: thymic aplasia
C: cleft palate
H: hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism
52
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

overriding aorta
pulmonic stenosis
ventricular septal defect
right ventricular hypertrophy

53
Q

Hox genes regulate what?

A

anterior to posterior identity

up and down rostral to caudal

54
Q

T/F neural crest cells, with different anterior to posterior identities as determined by Hox expression, migrate form the Rhombomeres into the pharyngeal arches

A

true

55
Q

Loss of Hox expression causes arch 2 to do what?

A

lose it anterior to posterior identity and gives a duplicate arch 1 structure
-so no lesser horn or upper body of hyoid, but will have two malleus, incus, and tympanic ring

56
Q

what does the Dlx code

A

proximal - distal or ventral -dorsal of the arches

57
Q

development of the tongue (floor of the arches)

A

arch 1 forms anterior 2/3 epithelium
arch 2 is covered up as arch 3 grows
arch 3 forms most of posterior 1/3 epithelium
arch 4 forms the bit of tongue at very back of throat

58
Q

arch 1 in tongue formation

A

median tongue bud
distal tongue buds
-these become anterior 2/3 of tongue

59
Q

arch 2 in tongue formation

A

forms middle swelling called copula

60
Q

arches 3 and 4 in tongue formation

A
  • hypopharyngeal eminence over grows copula(arch 2) and gives rise to posterior 1/3
  • epiglottis arises posterior to hypopharyngeal eminence
61
Q

where do tongue muscles come from?

A

occipital somites

62
Q

what is the dividing line between oral tongue and pharyngeal tongue

A

terminal sulcus groove

63
Q

what is the foramen cecum

A

at the midline and is the site of thyroid primordium

64
Q

thyroid gland developement

A

forms from an endodermal diverticulum(pouch) just posterior to the floor of the 1st arch
**this not a pharyngeal pouch!!
not bilateral
-diverticulum elongates into the thyroglossal duct.

65
Q

development of the pituitary gland

A

forms from the upward invagination of the oral ectoderm in the stomodeum (Rathke’s pouch)
-separates from oral epithelium, moves into contact with diencephalon.

66
Q

neurohypophysis(posterior pituitary)

A

develops from the developing brain (neural ectoderm)

67
Q

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

A

develops from the stomodeum roof (oral ectoderm).

Oral Biology (3 decks)

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