Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oral Biology > General Embryology > Flashcards

General Embryology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three periods of general embryology?

A

preimplantation
embryonic
fetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fertilization causes the formation of what?

A

zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mitosis of the zygote leads to formation of what?

A

blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

growth factors, and cell adhesion molecules act through what?

A

signaling complexes which activate various transcription factors, affecting cellular changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some changes that may occur due to growth factor or cell adhesion molecules

A

proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the ways growth factors can act?

A

autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine

*mostly through paracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) important in craniofacial development?

A

induction, formation, determination and migration of neural crest cells

  • patterning and formation of facial primordia
  • negative regulator of myogenesis
  • regulator of early tooth morphogenesis and differentiation
  • *at gastrulation, it switches between epidermal vs. neural fate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Homeobox genes code for what?

A

transcription factors that begin to make cells pattern into one tissue/organ type or another
*involved in segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HOX genes

A

function in pattering the body axis(rostral caudal) and determine where limbs and other body segments will grow in developing fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Msx genes

A

control cellular process of differentiation and proliferation during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dlx genes

A

control development of ectodermal tissues derived from lateral border of neural plate
-distal proximal of pharyngeal arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Shh (sonic hedgehog) genes

A

play important role in early induction of facial primordium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell adhesion molecules are responsible for what?

A

specific cell aggregation and sorting
calcium dependent=cadherins
calcium independent=CAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

after initial cleavage of the zygote the solid ball of cells is known as what?

A

morula and then later becomes a blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

by the end of the first week the blastocyst stops traveling and does what?

A

implants into the thickened uterine wall in a processes called implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the components of a blastocyst

A

outer most cells are trophoblast, inner ball of cells is the embryoblast, and then the yolk sack fills the rest of the space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the embryonic period begins and ends when?

A

starts at the end of the second week

ends at the end of week eight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what occurs during the embryonic period

A

spacial and temporal events called pattering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some of the pattering structures that will form during the embryonic period?

A

pharyngeal arches, somtie development, face development, palate and tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

embryonic phase: patterning

A
  • axial specification
  • segmentation
  • tissue and organ specialization and formation
  • dentition development regionally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is induction

A

when one group of cells tells another group of cells (which are competent) to do something

22
Q

Proliferation

A

cell division, increase in number and accumulation of cells products

23
Q

differentiation

A

development of specific structures and or functions by individual cells or group of cells

24
Q

morphogenesis

A

cell migration, interactions and proliferations causing the development of specific structures

25
Q

maturation

A

attainment of adult size and function form proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis

26
Q

what is gastrulation

A 
the formation of the 3 germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
*happens around week three
27
Q

after the blastocyst implants, the embryoblast differentiates into two layers:

A

epiblast-form amniotic cavity

hypoblast-form roof of secondary yolk sac

28
Q

what type of cells are the epiblast layer

A

columnar

29
Q

what type of cells are the hypoblast layer

A

cuboidal

30
Q

when does the primitive streak form?

A

after the bilaminar disk forms

31
Q

what is the primitive streak

A
  • a little groove formed by the epiblast cells

- defines the future bilateral symmetry along a rostral-caudal axis

32
Q

what is the prochordal plate

A

forms at the rostral end and is where the ectoderm curves around and integrates with the endoderm

33
Q

the ectodermal cells at the primitive streak invaginate at the primitive node forming what?

A

the primitive pit

34
Q

what happens at the primitive pit?

A

ectodermal cells migrate between the ectoderm and endoderm to form the notochord and then move laterally to form the mesoderm

35
Q

the notochord and mesoderm totally separate the ectoderm from the mesoderm everywhere but at two places, what are they?

A

the prochordal plate and the cecal plate

36
Q

how do the ectodermal cells become mesoderm?

A

medial epiblast cells lose their cell-cell adhesion and become motile and invade inwards

  • these mesenchymal cells are interspersed in matrix and have no polarity
  • cell attachment proteins from E to N cadherin
37
Q

head folding at the prochordal plate forms what?

A

oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane
**remember no mesoderm between the two layers
this is the location of the stomodeum (primitive mouth)

38
Q

what do the ectodermal cells give rise to?

A
  • nervous system
  • epidermis including (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands)
  • epithelium lining of oral, nasal, and sinus cavities
  • part of intra oral glands
  • enamel
39
Q

what does the endoderm give rise to?

A

epithelial lining of the respiratory and GI tract and all associated organs

40
Q

what does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

muscles, all CT derived tissues ( bone, cartilage, blood, dentin, pulp, cementum and PDL)

41
Q

what are the three key things that happen after gastrulation(after week 3)?

A
  1. differentiation of nervous system
  2. Formation/migration of neural crest
  3. Head, lateral , and tail folds
42
Q

what is the neuroectoderm

A

specialized group of cells that differentiates from the ectoderm, localized to the neural plate that extends from the cephalic to the caudal end
*undergoes further growth in thickening, which causes and inward invagination forming the neural groove

43
Q

once the neural groove forms what happens

A

neural fold fusion begins at upper cervical levels and proceeds both rostrally and cuadallly

44
Q

paraxial mesoderm gives rise to?

A

cartilage, segmented muslce

45
Q

intermediate mesoderm gives rise to?

A

kidneys, gonads

46
Q

lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to?

A

heart and gut

47
Q

differentiated mesoderm gives rise to?

A

somites, which are located on the sides of the developing CNS

48
Q

once the neural tube forms it expands and forms what?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

  • hindbrain segments into rhombomeres which express Hox genes
  • branchial arches develop
49
Q

Neural crest formation and migration

A

develops from the neuroectoderm during week 3 and breaks away from the crests of the neural folds and disperses in mesenchyme

50
Q

Treacher Collins syndrome

A

failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the facial region

51
Q

how does the pharynx form

A

stomodeum remains separate, but will ultimately break down to form the oral opening of the GI

  • foregut gives rise to primitive pharynx
  • ultimately becomes oropharynx
52
Q

fetal period

A

9th week to to birth
basic tissues and structures are mainly formed, growth and continued specialization
*as the embryo enlarges it becomes the fetus
**proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis
-physiological process of maturation of the individual tissue types and organs

Oral Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions