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Craniofacial Biology > Pharyngeal Arches > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Arches Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 fundamental aspects of developmental biology?

A

Proliferation - cell growth
Pattern formation - cells grow in the right place at the right time
Morphogenesis - shape
Differentiation - different types of cells

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2
Q

What is a dynamic interaction?

A

Happens quickly

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3
Q

What is a reciprocal interaction?

A

One type of cell/tissue is in control of another

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4
Q

What is a sequential interaction?

A

Timing of events

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5
Q

Tissue interactions appear to be associated with at least 2 general types of phenomena Tissue interactions appear to be associated with at least 2 general types of phenomena, what are these?

A

Instructive
Permissive (facilitative)

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6
Q

What is the instructive phenomena associated with tissue interactions?

A

the ability of one tissue to determine specific patterns of morphogenesis and differentiation that will develop in an associated tissue

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7
Q

What is the permissive phenomena associated with tissue interactions?

A

the ability of an interacting tissue to provide certain conditions that is necessary for its committed partner tissue to progress to full expression of its pre-determined phenotype

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8
Q

What is the tissue interaction governing cell differentiation and morphogenesis throughout embryonic development?

A

Secondary inductions

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9
Q

What is an organ rudiment?

A

an organ or part incompletely developed in size or structure

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10
Q

What is the organiser of differentiation to form specific structures in early embryology?

A

signalling centre

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11
Q

What are the 3 true primary germ layers form outer to inner?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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12
Q

What is the not true primary germ layer?

A

neural crest/ecto-mesenchyme

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13
Q

what process brings about the primaru germ layers?

A

gastrulation

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14
Q

What does the endoderm go on to form?

A

Many of the bodys inner linings
most of the GI tract, the lungs, liver, pancreas etc

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15
Q

What does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

The bodys outer linings, including the epidermis, the skin (outer most layer) and hair

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16
Q

What does the mesoderm go on to form?

A

The dermis of the skin, the heart, muscles, bones, bone marrow (therefore the blood) etc

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17
Q

what week does the development of the pharyngeal arches start?

A

week 4/5

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18
Q

What arch do they mandible and maxilla develop from?

A

pharyngeal arch 1

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19
Q

What cartilage is found in pharyngeal arch 1?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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20
Q

What cartilage is found in pharyngeal arch 2?

A

Reichert’s cartilage

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21
Q

How is meckel’s and reichert’s cartilage described?

A

as transient - it is almost completely disappeared/developed into other structures by week 20

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22
Q

What is the stomadeum?

A

The precursor to the oral cavity

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23
Q

what can be described as “a highly migratory cell population with the ability to acquire a broad spectrum of cell fates”

A

the neural crest

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24
Q

What seperates the pharyngeal arches on the endodermal (internal) surface?

A

pouches

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25
Q

What seperates the pharyngeal arches on the ectodermal (external) surface?

A

pharyngeal cleft

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26
Q

The 2nd, 3rd and 4th clefts only form temporary cervical sinuses – which are then obliterated by what?

A

the rapidly proliferating second pharyngeal arch

27
Q

Which pharyngeal arch disappears extremely early in development

A

arch V (5)

28
Q

what are the 2 parts of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

the mandibular process and the maxillary process

29
Q

What cartilage is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Meckel’s

30
Q

what nerve is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

30
Q

What bones and ligaments does the meckel’s cartilage associated with the 1st mandibular arch

A

bones - the incus and malleus
ligaments - Sphenomandibular ligament and the sphenomalleolar

30
Q

what is the most common craniofacial abnormalities can be associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

A

treacher-collins syndrom

30
Q

what muscles are associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

A

body of the tongue, the muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids), ABD, Mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

30
Q

what artery is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

A

maxillary and internal carotid artery

31
Q

What is the name of the second pharyngeal arch?

A

hyoid arch

32
Q

What cartilage is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Reichert’s cartilage

33
Q

Reichert’s cartilage is the precursor for what?

A

Stapes
Lesser horn and superior hyoid body
Styloid process, stylohyoid ligament

34
Q

The 2nd pharyngeal arch gives rise to what

A

thyroid gland and tonsils

35
Q

what muscles are associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

muscles of facial expression and the posterior belly of digastric

36
Q

what nerve is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

37
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal arch form?

A
  • greater horn of hyoid
  • inferior hyoid body
  • root of the tongue
  • stylopharyngeus
38
Q

what nerve is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

39
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal arch form?

A

thyroid cartilage, pharynx and epiglottis
muscles - pharyngeal constrictor and the soft palate

40
Q

what nerve is associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

CNX (vagus nerve) - superior laryngeal nerve

41
Q

What happens to the 5th arch?

A

it rapidly disappears early in development

42
Q

What does the 6th pharyngeal arch form?

A

cricoid and arytenoid cartilages
larynx
mauscles of the larynx

43
Q

what nerve is associated with the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Vagus nerve (CNX) - inferior laryngeal nerve

44
Q

what side of the arches are the clefts/grooves?

A

ectodermal surface

45
Q

What happens to the 2nd - 6rh clefts?

A

they are obliterated by the rapidly proliferating 2nd pharyngeal arch

46
Q

What side of the pharyngeal arches are the pouches?

A

the endodermal surface

47
Q

What does the 1st pouch form?

A
  • eustachian tube
  • middle ear cavity
  • tympanic membrane
49
Q

what part of the first and second pouch is obliterated by the tongue?

A

the ventral part

49
Q

what does the 2nd pouch usually form

A

the tonsilar fossa

50
Q

what does the 3rd pouch form?

A
  • Inferior parathyroid gland
  • Thymus
50
Q

what does the 4th pouch form

A

superior parathyroid gland

51
Q

what separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal clefts/grooves

A

Double layered pharyngeal membrane (endoderm of the pouches contact the endoderm of the grooves) separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal grooves/clefts

51
Q

what is the only cleft to give rise to a permanent structure in the adult, and what is this structure?

A

1st pharyngeal cleft/groove forms the auditory meatus

52
Q

What is the fate of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th pharyngeal clefts?

A

2nd, 3rd and 4th form temporary cervical sinuses, and are then obliterated by the rapidly proliferating 2nd pharyngeal arch

53
Q

after a while only what pharyngeal membrane exists? and what does it become?

A

1st pharyngeal membrane and it becomes the tympanic membrane

54
Q

What appears clinically if the 2nd pharyngeal arch fails to grow does sufficiently over the 2nd-4th cleft?

A

branchial fistula/cyst - almost a gil like appearance along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

55
Q

What appears clinically if the parathyroid tissue fails to migrate?

A

Ectotopic thymic/parathyroid tissue
- the parathyroid gland ends up closer to the mouth than it should be

Craniofacial Biology (13 decks)

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