Pharmokinetics and nutrition Flashcards
How does the gastrointestinal tract work?
why do are cel;ls require nutrients
energy
growth
repair
What controls your appetite
. Ghrelin and leptin are two of many hormones that control your appetite and fullness. They’re involved in the vast network of pathways that regulate your body weight. Leptin decreases your appetite, while ghrelin increases it. Ghrelin is made in your stomach and signals your brain when you’re hungry
ingestion
Ingestion - the process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it.
Digestion-
Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating waste to be eliminated.
Absorption-
Image result for absorption in digestion
Absorption is the process by which the products of digestion are absorbed by the blood to be supplied to the rest of the body.
Metabolism- Metabolism is the process by which the body changes food and drink into energy. During this process, calories in food and drinks mix with oxygen to make the energy the body needs
What are macro and micro nutrients
Macronutrients are nutrients that your body needs in large amounts to function optimally.
The three main macronutrients are carbohydrates, protein, and fat. They’re considered essential nutrients, meaning your body either cannot make them or cannot make enough of them
Macronutrients also contain energy in the form of calories. Carbs are the main energy source, but your body can use other macronutrients for energy if needed (3Trusted Source).
Micronutrients Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts.
However, their impact on a body’s health are critical, and deficiency in any of them can cause severe and even life-threatening conditions.
They perform a range of functions, including enabling the body to produce enzymes, hormones and other substances needed for normal growth and development.
Deficiencies in iron, vitamin A and iodine are the most common around the world, particularly in children and pregnant women. Low- and middle-income counties bear the disproportionate burden of micronutrient deficiencies.
carbs
made up of the elements carbon,hydrogen and oxygen (CHO).*
Simple carbohydrates -monosaccharides or disaccharides..*
Monosaccharides:
a simple type of carbohydrate, such as glucose and fructose, formed of molecules that cannot be broken down into any simpler form
include glucose and fructose*
The most fundamental type is the simple sugars called monosaccharides. This means that they cannot be broken down any further into simpler sugars by hydrolysis. Nevertheless, monosaccharides can combine with each other to form more complex types.
a type of carbohydrate (= substance that provides energy) formed of only one molecule (= smallest unit of a substance) of a sugar and therefore cannot be divided to form other sugars
Disaccharides: include sucrose andl actose
Disaccharides are found among a variety of common foods we consume on a daily basis. Often referred to as ‘double sugars’, disaccharides are created when two small sugar molecules (called monosaccharides) bond together to form a larger disaccharide. For example, when glucose and fructose are bonded, this creates sucrose.
Likewise when glucose and galactose are bonded, this creates lactose. The disaccharides people will be most familiar with are sucrose, maltose and lactose.
Disaccharides act as an energy source for the body, just like any other carbohydrate. When we eat foods that contain disaccharides, our bodies break them down into simple sugars (monosaccharides) for absorption in the small intestine
Fats
Fats are a type of nutrient that you get from your diet. It is essential to eat some fats, though it is also harmful to eat too much.
The fats you eat give your body energy that it needs to work properly. During exercise, your body uses calories from carbohydrates you have eaten. But after 20 minutes, exercise depends partially on calories from fat to keep you going.
You also need fat to keep your skin and hair healthy and help you absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K, which are called fat-soluble vitamins. Fat also fills your fat cells and insulates your body to help keep you warm.
The fats your body gets from your food give your body essential fatty acids called linoleic and linolenic acid. They are called “essential” because your body cannot make them itself, or work without them. Your body needs them for brain development, controlling inflammation, and blood clotting.
All fats are made up of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Fats are called saturated or unsaturated depending on how much of each type of fatty acid they contain.
Lipids are fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body. They’re part of your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells. They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones. Having too much of some lipids is harmful
Lipids are chemical compounds (elements that make a chemical bond) in your body that help with some of its functions. These are fatty or waxy substances your body makes that don’t dissolve in water.
Cholesterol is a lipid in your blood. Your body needs it to help you take in fats and vitamins and make hormones. Cholesterol and triglycerides avoid water, so they can’t travel through blood themselves. This is why they combine with proteins to make lipoproteins that can move throughout your body.
Various lipids have different functions. These include:
Triglycerides transport and store energy.
Steroid hormones send messages in cells.
Bile salts from cholesterol help digest fat.
Fatty acids metabolize to create energy.
Phospholipids and cholesterol make biological membranes. Phospholipids are like gatekeepers that let some molecules into your cells but require others to come in with proteins.
What are lipids made of?
Oxygen, carbon and hydrogen bond to each other to form lipids. Lipids like cholesterol are part of your cell membranes. They give your cells structure and allow substances to go in and out of your cells.
