Pathogenis and salutogenesis. Transportation of fluid and acid base balance.

Question 1

salutogenesis

Answer 1

(source of health)focuses on factors that support human health and well being rather than on factors that cause disease
-An approach to human health that examines the factorscontributing to the promotion and maintenance of physicaland mental well-being (assets for health).
-Focuses on the coping mechanisms of individuals which help preserve health despite stressful condition
Public health/ health promotion model. What psychological,environmental, and social influences make people healthy?

Question 2

Pathogenesis

Answer 2

Pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance.
- focuses on the origin and development
- focuses on origins which deflict poor health
-focuses on what biologicl factors make people ill
-Health promotion focuses on heath rather than disease

Question 3

How do we gain water

Answer 3

Ingestion-
Taking food or drink to the body by swallowing or absorbing it

Metabolic Synthesis- the chemicalreactions that releaseenergy from foodresult in thesynthesis of water

Question 4

What is the average daily water gain

Answer 4

2,500ml
made up from
1,600ml from drinks
700ml from moisture in food
200 ml from metabolic water

Question 5

What ways can we lose water?

Answer 5

Excretion by the kidneys into urine 1,500
Evaporation from the skin 600ml
Exhaled from the lungs as water vapour 300ml
lost in the faeces 100ml

Question 6

How is thirst stimulated?

Answer 6

The urge to drink is goverened by an area called the hypothalumus called the thirst center
It is stimulated in 3 main ways
.Dryness of the mouth-ndeteted by neurons within the mouth
.Decrrese in blood pressure detected by bararoarceptors in the blood vessels
.Incresae in blood osmorality
When the thirst centre is stimulated it will cause fluid seeking behaviour leading to fluid intake
.

Question 7

What is a fliud

Answer 7

A substance, such as a liquid or gas, that can flow, has no fixed shape, and offerslittle resistance to an external stress

Question 8

electrolyte

Answer 8

Electrolytes are minerals in your body that have an electric charge. They are in your blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes are important because they help:

Balance the amount of water in your body
Balance your body’s acid/base (pH) level
Move nutrients into your cells
Move wastes out of your cells
Make sure that your nerves, muscles, the heart, and the brain work the way they should

Question 9

how much water do adults have in their body

Answer 9

55% - 60%

Question 10

how much water does a baby have in their body

Answer 10

75%

Question 11

Why do children have a greater water content compared to adults ?

Answer 11

Children are at a greater risk of dehydration than adults. This is because in relation to their size, children have a larger proportion of their skin available to lose sweat and be exposed to heat.

Question 12

Body water content

Answer 12

Brain 80 - 85%
liver 70 - 75 %
lungs 75 - 80%
teeth 8 - 10 %
heart 75 - 80 %
bones 20 - 25%
kidneys 80 - 85%
muscles 70 - 75%
skin 70 - 75%
blood 50%

Question 13

INTRA-CELLULAR FLUID (ICF)

Answer 13

Fluid within the cells = 42% of body weigh
Makes up about two-thirds of the total body water* Intracellular fluid has high concentrations of– Potassium– Phosphate– Magnesium ions*
Lesser amounts of– Sodium– Chloride– Bicarbonate ions

Question 14

EXTRA- CELLULAR FLUID ECF

Answer 14

Fluid outside cells = 33% of body weight
Major components include the interstitial fluid and plasma* Extracellular fluids have highconcentrations of–
Sodium– Chloride– Bicarbonate ions*

Lesser amounts of– Potassium– Calcium– Magnesium– Phosphate, and sulphates ions

Question 15

TRANS-CELLUALR (TCF)

Answer 15

Set of fluids that are outside of the normal compartments e.g., CSF, GI fluids, mucus, synovial fluids in joints

Question 16

What factors is your total body weight dependant on

Answer 16

Age, hieght, weight, body fat

Question 17

Water moves under the influence of twomain forces…

Answer 17

Hydrostatic pressure -
osmotic pressure -

Question 18

Mechanism controlling fluid &electrolyte movement

Answer 18

Diffusion* The molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until the concentration becomes equal throughout.

Osmosis* movement of a solvent (such as water) through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane

Active transport
s the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. The particles move against the concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration.

• Hydrostatic pressure
  Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity.
• the force exerted by a fluid against a wall two types
  1. Pressure exerted by blood on walls of blood vessels -Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
  2. The pressure of interstitial fluids exerts on walls of capillaries - Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Oncotic pressure is when there is movement of fluid out of the capillaries (due to hydrostatic pressure), the water potential of the capillaries becomes more negative (though this is usually stable).

Question 19

Hydrostatic pressure
filteration
reabsorption

Answer 19

When pressure inside the bloodvessels walls (blood hydrostaticpressure (BHP)) is greater thenthe pressure outside then fluids &solutes are forced out of thevessel into the surroundingtissues = filtration

When pressure in the capillaries,(capillary blood pressure) is lowerthan the opposing Interstitialhydrostatic pressure (IHP) fluids& solutes are pulled back into theblood vessels = reabsorption

Question 20

capillary filtration

Answer 20

the movement of material from a capillary into the interstitial fluid, moving from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure.

Question 21

Electrolytes

Answer 21

Electrolytes may be obtained from food or drink or producedas a by-product of metabolism* Electrolytes are dissolved in the various fluid compartmentsof the body (intravascular, interstitial) and account for 95%solute molecules in body fluids* An electrolyte is a chemical compound that dissociates intoions and thus is capable of transporting electric charge* Electrolytes are positively and negatively charged particles(ions)* Electrolytes are measured in millimoles per litre (mmol/l
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/electrolytes