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PPPVN > Pharmacy and Fluids > Flashcards

Pharmacy and Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the peripheral sites of IV placement?

A

Cephalic vein- cranial aspect of forelimb

Saphenous vein- lateral aspect of hindlimb

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2
Q

What are the requirements for drug storage in a veterinary practice?

A 
Separate room not accessible to public
No food or drink
Kept orderly and logically organised
Clean and tidy with good stock rotation
Follow manufacturers instructions
Observe expiry dates
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3
Q

What is the law surrounding drug licences?

A

All medicine sold in UK needs a product licence to prove criteria are met on safety and efficacy

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4
Q

What is the main legislator for drugs in the UK and what is their role?

A

Veterinary medicinal products directive 2001

Control the manufacture, authorisation, marketing, distribution and post-authorisation surveillance of drugs

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5
Q

Who is legally allowed to prescribe medications?

A

Vets
Pharmacists
SQPs

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6
Q

What must clients be made aware when having medications prescribed?

A

They are able to get it from another vets or pharmacist

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7
Q

Define POM-V and what does it mean for prescribing?

A

Prescription only medicine - vet surgeon

Vet must carry out clinical assessment to prescribe the drug

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8
Q

Define POM-VPS and what does it mean for prescribing?

A

Prescription only medicine - vet, pharmacist or SQP

Clinical assessment not required when supplying the drugs

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9
Q

Define NFA-VPS and what does it mean for prescribing?

A

Non food animal - vet, pharmacist or SQP

Able to be supplied without a prescription by these people

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10
Q

Define AVM-GSL and what does it mean for prescribing?

A

Authorised veterinary medicine general sales

No restrictions on supply or who can provide it as long as packaging emphasises its a medicine

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11
Q

What is meant by controlled drugs and what is controlled about them?

A

Controls production, supply, possession, storage and dispensing of drugs where humans have potential to abuse

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12
Q

What are schedule 1 drugs?

A

Addictive drugs
Vets have no authority to possess of prescribe, no medicinal use
LSD, cannabis

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13
Q

What are schedule 2 drugs?

A

Opiate analgesics
Strict rules regulate these
Morphine, ketamine, methadone

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14
Q

What are schedule 3 drugs?

A

Sleep inducers
Advisable to keep in locked cabinet (buprenorphine must be)
Buprenorphine, tramadol

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15
Q

What are the type of drugs that are schedule 4 drugs, what are restrictions around them and what are examples?

A

Benzodiazepines
Exempt from control, no restriction in practice
Diazepam, valium

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16
Q

What are schedule 5 drugs

A

No restrictions

Paracetamol, codine

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17
Q

What are the storage requirements for controlled drugs?

A

Schedule 2 and 3 must be kept locked in cupboard with only certain key holders allowed access
Drugs must be signed for on register
Schedule 2 must have witnessed destruction

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18
Q

What are the features of the controlled drugs register?

A

Bound register or computerised system on premises
Purchased drugs recorded within 24 hours
Record when dispensed including patient details, amount and vets signature
Separate pages for drugs and strengths
Keep register 2 years after last entry
Write in indelible ink and sign corrections

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19
Q

What does the law say about prescribing drugs to pateints?

A

Veterinary medicine must only be administered to animal if medicine has product licence for treatment of the condition in that species

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20
Q

What is an off label drug use and when can it be used?

A

Using a drug outside the purpose it was authorised for when there is no drug licenced to the species, owner has given permission

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21
Q

What are the legal requirements for a prescription?

A 
Indelible ink
Name, address, phone number, qualifications of person prescribing
Name, address, telephone of owner
Species, ID number of animal
Prescriber signature
Dated
Name of drug, amount, strength, dosage and administration instructions
Warnings of the drug
Whether its off licence
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22
Q

What are additional requirements for prescribing controlled drugs?

A

Hand written by vet
Form, strength and quantity written in numerals and letters
Schedule 2 and 3 dispensed within 28 days
No repeats allowed
Only dispense 28 days worth

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23
Q

What is meant be adverse reactions to drugs?

A

Harmful, unintentional reaction potentially due to exposure to medicine

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24
Q

How are adverse reactions dealt with in the law?

A

Vets report using forms from veterinary directive

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25
Q

What are hazardous drugs?

A

Cause harm to person or patient

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26
Q

How to deal with hazardous drugs, including cytotoxics?

A

Warning printed on label, work in safe environment with PPE

Cytotoxics- handle in fume cupboard

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27
Q

What are the labelling requirements for drugs?

A 
Name and address of vet and owner
Name of animal
Date of dispensing
'keep out of reach of children'
'animal use only'
'external use only' when topical
Name, strength and quantity of drug
Dose and administration instructions
Warnings
Storage instructions
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28
Q

How to handle drugs properly?

A

Avoid contact with skin
Care with carcinogenic drugs
Label all containers

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29
Q

What are the requirements for drug containers?

A 
Child proof
Blister packs in cardboard wallets
Wide mouth jars for powders, creams etc.
Opaque containers for light sensitive drugs
External liquids in fluted bottles
Summarise product characteristics
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30
Q

What is the generic name of the drug?

A

Chemical/actual drug name

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31
Q

What is the proprietary name of the drug?

A

Brand name of drugs

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32
Q

How are drugs classified?

A

How it brings effect on the body or body system it affects

33
Q

What are common abbreviations for drug administering?

A 
Once a day- SID/UID/q24h
Twice a day- BID/BD/q12h
Three times a day- TID/TD/q8h
Four times a day- QID/QD/q6h
PO- peros/orally
IM- intramuscular
SC- subcutaneous
IP- intraperitoneal
34
Q

List the routes of medication administration

A 
Ora
IV
IM
Subcut
Topical
Skin patch
Ocular
Otic/ear
Intrathecally/around spinal cord
Sublingual/under tonuge
Bucally/between gum and cheek
Rectally
Nebulisation/inhaled
Intraosseous
Intraperitoneal
35
Q

What types of medications can be given subcutaneously and why?

A

Non-irritants and large volumes due to poor nerve and blood supply

36
Q

How long for subcut injections to take effect?

A

30-45 minutes

37
Q

Explain how to provide subcut injection

A

Swab area
Form skin tent
Needle in at 45 degree angle
Draw back to check no blood

38
Q

Where is the site of IM injection?

A

Quadriceps or epaxial muscles

39
Q

How long does it take for IM injections to take effect?

A

20-30 minutes

40
Q

Explain how to administer IM injection?

A

Swab area
Insert needle at 90 degrees
Draw back to check no blood

41
Q

What is the maximum volumes of medication that can be given IM for dogs and cats?

A

Dogs- 5ml

Cats- 2ml

42
Q

Why can’t you give large volumes or irritants IM?

A

Most painful route

43
Q

How long do IV injections take to have effect?

A

0-3 minutes

44
Q

Explain how to administer IV injection

A

Clip and clean area
Raise vein
Draw back to check for blood

45
Q

Can you give irritants and large volumes IV route?

A

Yes

46
Q

What is the rate of effect of oral administration?

A

Varies, 20 minutes on empty stomach

47
Q

How to give tablets to dogs?

A

Tilt head slightly back
Give tablet
Stroke throat to encourage swallowing

48
Q

How do you give tablets to cats?

A

Tilt head back as far as possible
Give tablet
Allow head to drop back as far as possible to allow swallowing

49
Q

How should oral fluids be given?

A

Tilt head back slightly

Slowly give in small amounts in gap behind canines

50
Q

How to administer aural medications

A

Raise ear flap
Insert nozzle and apply drops
Gently massage base of ear

51
Q

How to administer ocular medications

A

Avoid touching bottle
Hold eyelids apart
Put in drops
Gently open and close eye to distribute

52
Q

Why are drug calculations important?

A

Have correct drug efficacy

Maintain patient safety

53
Q

What is the equation for drug calculations?

A

(body weight x drug dose) / strength of drug

54
Q

What is the equation to convert %solutions to mg?

A

% x 10 = mg

55
Q

What is the equation for calculating % solution from weight?

A

% solution = (weight x 100)/volume of solution

56
Q

What are the inputs and outputs that affect water balance in the body?

A

Ins- eating, drinking, medications

Outs- urination, defecation, respiration, vomiting, haemorrhage

57
Q

What is maintenance fluid intake for animals?

A

50ml/kg/day

58
Q

What is meant by tonicity?

A

Measure of osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by partially permeable membranes

59
Q

Define hypotonic

A

Solution contains lower concentration of impermeable solutes

60
Q

Define hypertonic

A

Solution contains higher concentration of impermeable solutes

61
Q

What are the main causes of fluid imbalance?

A

Dehydration

hypovolaemia

62
Q

What are the signs seen with each stage of dehydration?

A

0-4%- increased urine concentration
4-6%- tacky MM, some loss of skin elasticity
6-10%- loss of skin elasticity, dry MM, sunken eyes
10-12%- persistent skin tent, dry MM, retracted globe, dull corneas, protruded 3rd eyelid, hypovolaemia, shock signs

63
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with mild and sever hypovolaemia?

A

Mild- mild tachycardia, pink MM, CRT <1, bounding pulse

Severe- severe tachycardia, white MM, prolonged CRP >2, poor pulse

64
Q

What are the two common types of fluids used?

A

Colloids and crystaloids

65
Q

What are colloid fluids used for and what are examples?

A

Molecules that increase oncotic pressure of plasma so hold in water to increase volume
Effective at maintaining volume
Synthetic- dextrans and gelatins
Natural- blood products, plasma

66
Q

What are the different types of crystalloid fluids used for?

A

Hartmans, lactated rigngers and 0.9% NaCl- isotonic, replace lost fluid and increase intravascular volume

  1. 45% NaCl + 2.5% dextrose- hypotonic, maintenance fluid moves intracellularly but dexrose prevents lysis
  2. 2% NaCl- hypertonic, reduces space in intracellular spaces
67
Q

What are the five Rs in relation to the fluid plan?

A 
Resuscitation
Routine maintenance
Replacement of fluids
Redistribution
Reassessment
68
Q

How to calculate maintenance fluids?

A

50 x body weight in kg

69
Q

How to calculate dehydration deficit in ml?

A

%dehydration x body weight in kg x 10

70
Q

How to calculate outgoing fluid losses?

A

4ml x number of times vomited/diahorrea x body weight in kg

71
Q

What are the different types of fluid giving sets?

A

Standard
Paediatric
Blood

72
Q

What are the different methods of fluid administration?

A

Intravenous
Oral
Intraosseous
Subcutaneous

73
Q

How to calculate the drip rate for fluids?

A

Total requirement / 24 hours = ml per hour
ml/hour / 60 minutes = ml per minute
ml/min x giving set factor = drops per minute
60/drops per minute = seconds per drop

74
Q

What are common endoparasites?

A

Tapeworm- conveyed by flea bits or ingesting prey
Toxacara canis- zoonotic, from mum to pup, cause vomiting and diarrhoea
Hookwork, whipworm- diarrhoea, lethargy, weightloss
Lung worm- eating slugs, can be fatal
Protozoa- vomiting, weight loss, lethargy, abortions

75
Q

What is the features of an ideal flea and worming product?

A

Broad spectrum
Easy administration
Long lasting

76
Q

How does the advocate, milbemax combo work against parasites in dogs?

A

Advocate- spot on, kills fleas and mites
Moxidectin- paralyses worms to be passed out
Milbemax- tablet, broad action, kills tapeworm, systemic

77
Q

How does broadline work in cats?

A

Spot on, all in one treatment

Inhibits egg/larvae growth

78
Q

How does nexguard spectra and drontal plus combo work in dogs?

A

Nexguard- chewy tablet, kills fleas, ticks, mites, worms, demodex and sarcoptes
Drontal plus- dont give to pregnant bitches, broad coverage of endoparasites

79
Q

How does the seresto collar and milpro combo work in cats?

A

Seresto- 7-8 months effect, tight to work, repels fleas and ticks
Milpro- broad action

PPPVN (14 decks)

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