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PPPVN > Mating, Pregnancy and Birth > Flashcards

Mating, Pregnancy and Birth Flashcards

1
Q

What factors should be considered before breeding animals?

A 
Clinically healthy
Suitable age- mature skeleton, old enough to assess temperament
Good temperament
No hereditary or infectious disease
vaccinated
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2
Q

Define monoestrus

A

One oestrus cycle each breeding season

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3
Q

Define seasonally polyoestrus

A

Cycles as long as season or until gets pregnant

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4
Q

Define anoestrus

A

Cessation of reproductive activity

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5
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum

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6
Q

When does cyclical activity begin in dogs and when is usually their first season?

A

6-23 months, 6 months after adult weight and height reached

First oestrus at 12-24 months

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7
Q

How long do canine seasons typically last and what type of seasons do they have?

A

3 weeks
7 months between each
Seasonally monoestrus with 1-2 breeding seasons a year

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8
Q

What happens in pro-oestrus in dogs and how long does it last?

A

Increased oestrogen release from follicles causes outward signs of oestrus that attract males but female not receptive
FSH cause egg development in follicles
9 days

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9
Q

What are the signs of pro-oestrus in dogs?

A

Serosanguinous vulval discharge containing blood

Swollen vulva

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10
Q

What is oestrus in dogs and how long does it last?

A

Female receptive and displays sexual behaviour and light pink discharge from soft vulva
Oestrogen declines
LH peaks from declining oestrogen causing follicles to rupture and egg to release
Corpus luteum begin to develop
9 days with mating on day 3-5

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11
Q

What happens in metoestrus in dogs?

A

High levels of progesterone to form placenta and maintain pregnancy
Ends cycle by inhibiting FSH and LH

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12
Q

How long does metoestrus last in dogs?

A

60 days whether pregnant or not

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13
Q

What hormonal changes take place when birth occurs in dogs?

A

Progesterone drops

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14
Q

What is pseudopregnancy?

A

Prolactin produced developing mammary tissue

Progesterone stays at levels similar to if pregnant as prolactin stimulates production from corpus luteum

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15
Q

How long does anoestrus last in dogs?

A

90-150 days

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16
Q

What is anoestrus in dogs and what are associated hormones?

A

No sexual behaviour or interest
Low levels of progesterone
FSH level increases to mature follicles

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17
Q

When do cats have their first oestrus?

A

At 6-9 months but affected by photoperiod so have oestrus in spring

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18
Q

What type of oestrus cycle do cats have and how do they ovulate?

A

Seasonally polyoestrous, oestrus every 14-21 days while in season
Induced ovulators

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19
Q

How long does pro-oestrus last in cat and what is it?

A

Male attracted to female but female not receptive
LH and FSH high
2-3 days

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20
Q

What is the outwards sign of oestrus in cats?

A

Bloody discharge but usually cleaned away

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21
Q

How long does oestrus last in cats?

A

7 days

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22
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in cats?

A 
Standing for mating
Calling
Spine lordosis
Rubbing on objects
High oestrogen
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23
Q

What happens if cats ovulation isn’t stimulated?

A

Interoestrus

Quiet period of 2-14 days before returning to pro-oestrus

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24
Q

What hormonal changes take place in cats when ovulation induced?

A

LH releases egg

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, maintained by placenta in pregnancy

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25
Q

What is anoestrus and when does it take place in cats?

A

Inactive ovaries in winter

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26
Q

What is metoestrus in cats and how long does it last?

A

Non-fertile mating causes pseudopregnancy as corpus luteum releases progesterone at similar levels to pregnancy
45 days long

27
Q

What happens after metoestrus in cats?

A

Either re enter cyclical activity or enter anoestrus

28
Q

Define paraphimosis

A

Constriction of female prepuce around engorged penis so it cant be retracted back to the female prepuce

29
Q

Define flagging

A

Bitch standing with deviated tail when ready to mate

30
Q

Define tie

A

Mating process stage in dogs where vagina muscles contract around penis to stop it withdrawing

31
Q

How long does it take for fertilisation and implantation to take place after mating?

A

Fertilisation- 72 hours

Implantation- 14 days in dogs, 11 days in cats

32
Q

Define gestation

A

Time of pregnancy from fertilisation to birth

33
Q

How long is gestation in bitches?

A

60-70 days, whelp usually day 63-65

34
Q

How long do queens gestate?

A

56-70 days, kitten usually on days 65-67

35
Q

What are clinical signs of pregnancy in cats?

A

Increased body weight and abdominal enlargement

Mammary development from day 40

36
Q

How is feline pregnancy diagnosed?

A 
Abdominal palpation- 21-30 day onwards
Ultrasound- from day 14
Radiography- day 30-40 onwards
Auscultate heartbeats- late pregnancy
Elevated relaxin- from day 25
37
Q

What extra care needs to be given to pregnant queens?

A

Increased food for second half of pregnancy- enough protein, carbs and nutrients

38
Q

What are clinical signs of pregnancy in the bitch?

A

Increased body weight and abdominal enlargements
Vulval discharge
Enlarged mammary glands, can be from pseudo pregnancy

39
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosed in dogs?

A 
Abdominal palpation- from days 28-35
Ultrasound- from day 21-28
Radiography- from day 45
Fetal heartbeats- late pregnancy
Hormone tests- high relaxin in second half of pregnancy
40
Q

What extra care should be given to pregnant bitches?

A

Keep normal exercise
Up to date worming
Double food after day 30 with enough carbs, protein and nutrients
Feed smaller more frequent meals
Maintain appetite with highly palatable food

41
Q

How should you prepare for parturition?

A

Introduce welcome box a few weeks in advance
Clip long hair from around nipples
Heat half of bedding to 25-30 degrees for puppies first few days then 22 degrees, keeping half of box cooler for dam
Plenty of blankets
Scales, clock and thermometer to monitor puppies
Hand rearing supplies

42
Q

What are features for a welcome box?

A

Warm, clean and damp proof
Escape proof
Big enough for bitch and puppies

43
Q

What are the signs of onset of parturition?

A

Drop in body temperature to 37 degrees from decline in progesterone
Nesting
Restlessness
Swollen vulva and increased mucus discharge, licking area
Shaking
Low appetite, possible vomiting
Mammary development of milk in teats

44
Q

What are some problems associated with parturition?

A 
Dam not releasing foetus from bag
Intact umbilical cord
No birth after 30 minutes of seeing water bath
Unproductive straining for an hour
Weak dam
More than 2 hours between foetuses
2nd stage longer than 2 hours
Green (bitches) or brown (queens) discharge shows placental seperation
45
Q

Define dystocia

A

Difficulty giving birth

46
Q

What causes maternal dystocia?

A

Obstruction of birth canal

Uterine inertia

47
Q

Define uterine inertia

A

Poor uterine contractions

48
Q

What are causes of birth canal obstructions?

A

Pelvic bone deformity- congenital, developmental or from trauma
Soft tissue abnormalities- compress reproductive tract
Abnormal reproductive tract- steep pelvic floor (brachycephalic), vulvar oedema, narrow canal, uterine rupture during birth

49
Q

How are birth canal obstructions managed?

A

Manual fetal manipulation into the correct position

Caesarean section

50
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia?

A

Primary- absence of contractions

Secondary- cessation of contractions

51
Q

What dogs are prone to primary uterine inertia?

A

Young bitches with small litters

Overweight bitches with large litters

52
Q

What causes primary uterine inertia?

A

Over or under stimulation of uterus

53
Q

What is the treatment for primary uterine inertia?

A

Keep calm
Small amount of exercise
Manual vaginal wall stimulation
Vets

54
Q

What causes secondary uterine inertia?

A

Uterine exhaustion after obstructive dystocia

55
Q

How is secondary uterine inertia treated?

A

Oxytocin to stimulate contractions
IV calcium
Caesarean section

56
Q

What are causes of foetal dystocia?

A

Foetal abnormalities
Abnormal positioning
Foetal oversize

57
Q

What are foetal abnormalities that cause dystocia?

A

Hydrops fetalis- swollen from fluid build up
Hydrocephalic- CSF accumulation in brain
Anasarca- generalised oedema
Death

58
Q

What are normal and abnormal foetus positionings for giving birth?

A

Normal- longitudinal anterior or posterior, feet first cause problem if sac breaks
Breech- bum first, hard to birth

59
Q

What causes foetal oversize?

A

Breeds
Small litters cause foetal overdevelopment
Foetal abnormalities

60
Q

How to resuscitate after a caesarean section?

A

Free airway- remove foetal membrane
Swap excess fluid away
Gently swing in towel arc then massage and dry chest
Drugs to stimulate respiration when necessary

61
Q

Describe the key points of hand rearing

A

Use specialised milk for correct levels of calcium and phosphate,
Use sterile bottles
Use damp cotton wool to encourage to toilet

62
Q

What is post parturition care for mothers?

A

Keep quiet to reduce stress and allow relaxing and recovery
Extra feeing for lactation
Check mammary glands for infections and mastitis

63
Q

What is general post parturition care for puppies and kittens?

A 
Handled after 3 days
Should have toileting stimulated
Cord falls off day 3-6
Weaned from 4-6 weeks
Vaccinate and worm at 6-8 weeks
64
Q

When do kittens and puppies open their eyes?

A

Kittens- day 8-10

Puppies- 10-14 days

PPPVN (14 decks)

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