Pharmacology viruses Flashcards
List the Different mechanisms of antiretroviral drugs
Entry inhibitors
Fusion inhibitors (FIs) - HIV
Chemokine receptor 5 antagonists (CRAs) - HIV
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)- HIV, HEP-B
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)-HIV
Protease inhibitors (PI) – HIV, HEP C
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (ISTIs) -HIV
Polymerase Inhibitors – Herpes, HEP C
Neuraminidase Inhibitors - Influenza
Interferons
Monoclonal antibodies
What is HAART
Slows down HIV, reducing sickness and death.
Improves quality of life by keeping the immune system stronger.
Lowers the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load), making it harder to spread.
Prevents transmission to partners and from mother to baby.
Reduces drug resistance by using multiple drugs at once.
Helps the immune system recover, keeping CD4+ T cells higher
What are Fusion inhibitors
- a type of HIV medication that stop the virus from fusing with human cells, preventing infection.
How they work: They block HIV from merging with the cell membrane, so the virus can’t enter and infect CD4+ cells.How they are taken: Given as an injection under the skin (subcutaneous).
Only one drug available: Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon).
Downsides:
Expensive to make.
Side effects: Can cause allergic reactions, kidney problems (nephrotoxicity), low white blood cells (neutropenia), and low platelets (thrombocytopenia).
Generally well tolerated, but some people may have injection site reactions.
Give an example of drug for Fusion Inhibitors; FI’s
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
Explain CCR5
CCR5 antagonists selectively and reversibly block entry into the CD4 T-cells by preventing interaction between CD4 cells and the gp120 subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein.
List the Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NRTIs
-Abacavir
-Videx
-Retrovir
Whats special about Abacavir
Abacavir is a guanine analogue with 83% bioavailability and good cerebrospinal fluid penetration. It is converted into an active form that causes chain termination and competes with reverse transcriptase. Adverse effects include fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, headache, rash, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Give a drug example of Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
Delavirdine
Give example of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors; INSTI’s
-Ratlegravir
-Elvitegravir
-Dolutegravir
Give examples of Protease inhibitors
-Atazanavir
-Ritoanavir
Explain how protease inhibitors work
HIV-1 protease inhibitor, used with ritonavir.
Disrupts the function of HIV protease.
Restrain enzymes needed for HIV replication
One of the most effective antiretroviral drugs, used with NRTI’s
They are used to treat HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, and COVID-19
May cause GI disturbances, fat distribution, diabetes, decreased bone density, elevated triglycerides.
Inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes possibly causing drug interactions.
What is Cytomegalovirus and how to cure
-Human herpes virus 5
-Common in 60-90% of adults
-Not a problem in people with good health.
-Valaganciclovir
-Ganciclovir
-
How does Valaganciclovir work
It gets converted into ganciclovir inside the body.
Blocks viral DNA polymerase, stopping the virus from making more copies.
Causes chain termination, preventing the virus from replicating.
What is The most common complication of shingle
long-term nerve pain called postherpetic neuralgia
How is Herpes Zoster (Shingles) treated
Acyclovir, valcyclovir and famciclovir are used to shorten the length and severity of the illness.
Influenza
Incubation period varies from 1-5 days (2 most common)
Spread through aerosolized or droplet transmission from respiratory tract
Most common complication is bacterial pneumonia.
Other complications may include Reye syndrome, myocarditis, death
What is used to treat influenza A
Amantadine (symmetrel)
Reduces symptoms of influenza A infections
Inhibits replication of virus by interfering with viral attachment by the uncoating of the virus.
May cause insomnia, nightmares, confusion, ataxia, headache, dizziness, dyspnea, hypotension, edema, urine retention
