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Pharmacology > Pharmacology test 5 part II > Flashcards

Pharmacology test 5 part II Flashcards

0
Q

When do blood cells differentiate?

A

In replication

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1
Q

Where do hematologic and immune blood cells originate?

A

In stem cells in bone marrow

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2
Q

What is a committee stem cell?

A

Stem cell committed to becoming a specific cell. Cytokinins make sure reproduction is controlled

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3
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Any chemical mediator for molecules

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4
Q

What are the hematopoietic growth factors for Cytokines?

A

Control reproduction , growth and differentiation of stem cells and CFU (colony forming unit)
Initiate cell maturation process
Involved in numerous physiologic responses

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5
Q

What are hematopoietic cytokines?

A

Diverse substance produced mainly by one marrow and WBC

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6
Q

What do hematopoietic cytokines regulate?

A

Cellular activities
Acts as chemical messengers between cells and growth factors

Perform by binding to receptors on target cells

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7
Q

What do colony-stimulating factors stimulate the production of?

A 
Red blood cell
Platelets
Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils 
Granulocyte: macrophage 
Monocytes: macrophage 
Other blood cell types
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8
Q

What are types of cytokines?

A

Interferons and interleukins

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9
Q

What are interferons?

A

Inhibit replication of viral and other cells
Activate natural killer cells

Interferes with viral ability to take over host cell and replication.

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10
Q

What do interferons enhance?

A

Communication within cells

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11
Q

What to interferons help defend?

A

Host importance with tumors

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12
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Affect stimulators and suppressive cell response

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13
Q

What does interleukin 2 do

A

Kick in immunity T and B lymphocytes

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14
Q

What does interleukin 11 do

A

Stimulates platelets

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15
Q

What does interleukin 10 do?

A

Suppress

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16
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

Stimulates red blood cells and hemoglobin production
Hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to decrease oxygen level in blood
Stimulates red cell differentiation, maturation and proliferation

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17
Q

What are conditions that trigger erythropoietin production?

A

Anything that makes body sense decrease oxygen in the body

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18
Q

How can you measure erythropoietin?

A

RBC count
Hemoglobin and hematocrit
Mean corpuscle volume
Ventriculocyte count

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19
Q

What is immunity?

A

Indicates host protection from a disease

Differentiate between self and foreign invader.
Self vs. non self

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20
Q

Does doe the body detect immunity,

A

Protein molecules on cells if cells are absent in body they activate the T and B lymphocyte

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21
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Detects and eliminates foreign substance that may cause tissue injury or disease

Regulates tissue homeostasis and repair

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22
Q

What are the types of immunity?

A

Innate/natural
Adaptive/acquired
Antigens

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23
Q

What is innate/natural immunity?

A

Not produced by immune system but are born with it

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24
Q

What are the types of adaptive/acquired immunity?

A

Active
Passive
Cellular
Humoral

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25
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Kicks in after exposure to disease antigen

7-10 days

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26
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Antibodies formed in immune system or another human or animal, harvested and inserted in

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27
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

T lymphocytes in tissue

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28
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocytes in blood

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29
Q

What are antigens?

A

Foreign (non-self) material to initiate response

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30
Q

Where are immunoglobulin secreted and carried?

A

In lymph and transported in body circulation

31
Q

What are neutrophils?

A 
Major white blood cell
Main defense
Get to I fiction site in 90 minutes
The more inflamed the higher the count 
Circulate 10 hours before moving into tissues
32
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Hours after injury
Replace neutrophils larger and last longer
Increased monocytes means initial passed and in middle stage

33
Q

What are basophils?

A

Take look at histamine release in system

34
Q

What are the main regulators or immune response?

A

Lymphocytes T begun in bone marrow and thymus converts them to B neutralize Pathans in host cell

35
Q

What are immunizations involved in?

A

The administration of antigen to induce antibodies

36
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Longer permanent lasting immunity

Get and survive disease memory B lymphocytes play a role

37
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Short immunity.

Baby and mom.

Immunizations require booster

38
Q

What are the biological products used I. Active immunity agents?

A

Vaccines and toxoids.

39
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Suspensions of microorganism
Inactivated or attenuated (weakened)
Put in body to build up immunity

40
Q

What are toxoids?

A

More toward bacteria

Modified to jump start immune system to fight infection
Very temporary, not permanent fix
Requires boosters

41
Q

What are passive immunity agents?

A

Almost all blood or blood products
Homologous pooled human antibody
Homologous human hyper immune globin
Heterologous hyper immune serum

42
Q

What is homologous pooled human antibody

A

Used post exposure like hep A or B and measles

Pooling IgG formed from thousands of donors

43
Q

What is homologous human hyper immune globulin

A

High amount of antibody
Plasma of a lot of donors with a variety of things
Disease specific antibody

44
Q

What is heterological hyper immune serum

A

Produced animals
Used to defend against particular antigen type
Botulism or diphtheria
Skin test done before administration for allergy
Also know for causing serum sickness

45
Q

What are the classifications of vaccines

A

Live attenuated
Inactivated
Polysaccharide
Recombinant

46
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A

Viral: measles, mumps, reubella, roster, yellow fever
Body immune response even if you don’t become ill. Produce immunity after one dose

Bacterial: oral Typhoid

47
Q

What are the inactivated vaccines?

A

Polio, herpes A & B, rabies, pertussis, anthrax, diphtheria, tetanus, human papilloma virus

Grow in culture media and use heat or cold to inactivate it. Can’t cause disease in immunosuppressed. Several doses require many given in series. Immunity in 2–3 doses

48
Q

What are polysaccharide vaccines?

A

Sugar molecules

49
Q

What are recombinant vaccines?

A

Hepatitis B

Genetically engineered

50
Q

What are indications for immunization in children?

A 
Diphtheria, Hib infection
Hepatitis A or B 
Influenza A or B 
MMR
pertussis, poliomyelitis, Rotavirus 
Tetras, varicella, pneumococcal
51
Q

Indications for immunization of adolescent and adults

A 
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
Rubella
Population at high risk for specific disease
Influenza annually 
Pneumonia vaccine q5yr
52
Q

Contraindications for immunization?

A 
During febrile illness
During immune compromised drug therapy
During immunodeficiency states
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Generalized malignancy
Pregnancy

Vaccine may help the immune compromised

53
Q

Who recommends immunizations

A

CDC
American academy of pediatrics
American academy of family physicians
Local health department

54
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Adequate blood cell production works with immune system
Impaired or inadequate hematopoiesis runs high risk of infection and cancer invasion
Medications that stimulate immune function

55
Q

What are medications that stimulate immune function

A

Immunostimulants
Immunomodulators
Biological response modifiers
Colony stimulating factors

56
Q

What are general characteristics of hematopoietic and Immunostimulant drugs?

A

Given subcutaneous or intravenously
Synthetic version of endogenous cytokines
In cancer interferons and interleukins thought to enhance immune cell activity
Adverse effect may make client feel no better hen before dministration
Hypersensitivity results in inability to use any of the drugs within category

57
Q

Classifications and uses of hematopoietic and Immunostimulant drugs

A

Hematopoietic drugs
Colony stimulating factors
Interferons
Interleukins

58
Q

Hematopoietic agents

A

Aernostat and pro quit
Treat anemia, especially patients with kidney failure and dditive agent with chemo
Increased hemoglobin causes increased red blood cell production and transfusion

59
Q

What are colony stimulating factors

A

Neucogen, glucyne, neulasta,
Stimulate bone marrow which stimulated blood production
Good with bone marrow transplant and undergoing chemo

60
Q

What are interferons?

A

Alpha1 an Alpha2 used in hepititis c patients, chronic hepititis, malignant melanoma

61
Q

What are interleukines?

A

Proleukin
Stimulate cell immunity and inhibit tumor growth
Helpful in patient with skin cancer

62
Q

What are immunosuppressant drugs?

A

Interefere with production and function if immune cells

Prevent immune system from targeting own body tissue for elimination

63
Q

What are autoimmune disorders?

A

Occur when patients immune system does not distinguish between domestic and foreign cells
Immune or inflammatory response is in overdrive
Inflammatory disorders may be treated with immunosuppressant medications and corticosteroids

64
Q

What is tissue and organ transplantation

A

Replacing dead host tissue with healthy donor tissue and n immunosuppresent drugs for life
Tissue/organs transplanted not on drugs for that long
Inadequate immunosuppressive: body rejects organ
Excessive immunosuppressive: severe infections

65
Q

What are the different rejection reactions

A

Acute: 10 days - months. Treatment with drug useful but dont always prevent chronic rejection
Chronic: organ functioning just fine and suddenly rejection. Do not respond to drugs well.

66
Q

What are anti rejection drugs?

A

Antibody preps
Alpha blocking agents like Humana and remicade
Orinca rheumatoid arthritis
Ceralomis is for kidney rejection

67
Q

How are malignant cells different from normal cells?

A

They occupy space and use bodies blood and nutrients

Cells grow uncontrolled and need to know where it originated from

68
Q

How does cancer develop

A

Genetic

Environment: smoking

69
Q

What are hematologic malignancies

A

Involves bone, bone marrow and lymph tissue.

Lymphoma: occurs in lymph tissue. Would be Hodgekins or non-Hodgekins abnormal platelets in multiple myeloma

70
Q

What are the different tumor stages?

A

Grades 1 & 2: cells found closely resemble cells from originating place
Grades 3 & 4: cells took little or nothing like place of orgin

Staging allows for treatment options, know how much it spread

71
Q

What is antineoplastic drug therapy overview?

A

Chemotherapy: use of medication to treat cancer. Good for cancer but bad for body. Not cell specific
Most regimens involve combinations of drugs with differing cellular action
Drug resistance is a problem
Administered in cycles
Regimens managed by medical oncologists

72
Q

What are general characteristic of traditional cytoxic antineoplastic drugs

A

Kill malignant cells by interfering with cell replication
Act during cells reproductive cycle
Most active against rapidly diving cells, normal and malignant
Each doe kills specific cell percent
Induce drug resistant malignant cells
Differing routes of administration

73
Q

What are come adverse effects of traditional cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs?

A 
Alopecia: hair loss
Anemia
Bleeding
Fatigue
Mucositis: bleed in gums
Nausea and vomiting
Neutropenia: good hygiene
Thrombocytopenia: bleeding from lack of platelet 
May damage heart, liver,mkidney and nerves
74
Q

What are indications of traditional cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs?

A

Cure neoplasticism disease
Relieve neoplasticism disease symptoms
Induce or maintain remissions
Treatment of no malignant conditions

75
Q

How can you treat cancer?

A

Surgery, radiation or chemotherapy

76
Q

What are safety precautions with cytotoxic antineoplastic medications?

A

Can effect every lifestyle process
Irritating to skin and mucous membrane
Do not administer injection medication until chemo certified.
Never hang drug unless verified by someone else

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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