Pharmacology test 5 part II Flashcards
When do blood cells differentiate?
In replication
Where do hematologic and immune blood cells originate?
In stem cells in bone marrow
What is a committee stem cell?
Stem cell committed to becoming a specific cell. Cytokinins make sure reproduction is controlled
What are cytokines?
Any chemical mediator for molecules
What are the hematopoietic growth factors for Cytokines?
Control reproduction , growth and differentiation of stem cells and CFU (colony forming unit)
Initiate cell maturation process
Involved in numerous physiologic responses
What are hematopoietic cytokines?
Diverse substance produced mainly by one marrow and WBC
What do hematopoietic cytokines regulate?
Cellular activities
Acts as chemical messengers between cells and growth factors
Perform by binding to receptors on target cells
What do colony-stimulating factors stimulate the production of?
Red blood cell Platelets Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils Granulocyte: macrophage Monocytes: macrophage Other blood cell types
What are types of cytokines?
Interferons and interleukins
What are interferons?
Inhibit replication of viral and other cells
Activate natural killer cells
Interferes with viral ability to take over host cell and replication.
What do interferons enhance?
Communication within cells
What to interferons help defend?
Host importance with tumors
What are interleukins?
Affect stimulators and suppressive cell response
What does interleukin 2 do
Kick in immunity T and B lymphocytes
What does interleukin 11 do
Stimulates platelets
What does interleukin 10 do?
Suppress
What is erythropoietin?
Stimulates red blood cells and hemoglobin production
Hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to decrease oxygen level in blood
Stimulates red cell differentiation, maturation and proliferation
What are conditions that trigger erythropoietin production?
Anything that makes body sense decrease oxygen in the body
How can you measure erythropoietin?
RBC count
Hemoglobin and hematocrit
Mean corpuscle volume
Ventriculocyte count
What is immunity?
Indicates host protection from a disease
Differentiate between self and foreign invader.
Self vs. non self
Does doe the body detect immunity,
Protein molecules on cells if cells are absent in body they activate the T and B lymphocyte
What is the immune system?
Detects and eliminates foreign substance that may cause tissue injury or disease
Regulates tissue homeostasis and repair
What are the types of immunity?
Innate/natural
Adaptive/acquired
Antigens
What is innate/natural immunity?
Not produced by immune system but are born with it
What are the types of adaptive/acquired immunity?
Active
Passive
Cellular
Humoral
What is active immunity?
Kicks in after exposure to disease antigen
7-10 days
What is passive immunity?
Antibodies formed in immune system or another human or animal, harvested and inserted in
What is cellular immunity?
T lymphocytes in tissue
What is humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes in blood
What are antigens?
Foreign (non-self) material to initiate response
Where are immunoglobulin secreted and carried?
In lymph and transported in body circulation
What are neutrophils?
Major white blood cell Main defense Get to I fiction site in 90 minutes The more inflamed the higher the count Circulate 10 hours before moving into tissues
What are monocytes?
Hours after injury
Replace neutrophils larger and last longer
Increased monocytes means initial passed and in middle stage
What are basophils?
Take look at histamine release in system
What are the main regulators or immune response?
Lymphocytes T begun in bone marrow and thymus converts them to B neutralize Pathans in host cell
What are immunizations involved in?
The administration of antigen to induce antibodies
What is active immunity?
Longer permanent lasting immunity
Get and survive disease memory B lymphocytes play a role
What is passive immunity?
Short immunity.
Baby and mom.
Immunizations require booster
What are the biological products used I. Active immunity agents?
Vaccines and toxoids.
What are vaccines?
Suspensions of microorganism
Inactivated or attenuated (weakened)
Put in body to build up immunity
What are toxoids?
More toward bacteria
Modified to jump start immune system to fight infection
Very temporary, not permanent fix
Requires boosters
What are passive immunity agents?
Almost all blood or blood products
Homologous pooled human antibody
Homologous human hyper immune globin
Heterologous hyper immune serum
What is homologous pooled human antibody
Used post exposure like hep A or B and measles
Pooling IgG formed from thousands of donors
What is homologous human hyper immune globulin
High amount of antibody
Plasma of a lot of donors with a variety of things
Disease specific antibody
What is heterological hyper immune serum
Produced animals
Used to defend against particular antigen type
Botulism or diphtheria
Skin test done before administration for allergy
Also know for causing serum sickness
What are the classifications of vaccines
Live attenuated
Inactivated
Polysaccharide
Recombinant
What are live attenuated vaccines?
Viral: measles, mumps, reubella, roster, yellow fever
Body immune response even if you don’t become ill. Produce immunity after one dose
Bacterial: oral Typhoid
What are the inactivated vaccines?
Polio, herpes A & B, rabies, pertussis, anthrax, diphtheria, tetanus, human papilloma virus
Grow in culture media and use heat or cold to inactivate it. Can’t cause disease in immunosuppressed. Several doses require many given in series. Immunity in 2–3 doses
What are polysaccharide vaccines?
Sugar molecules
What are recombinant vaccines?
Hepatitis B
Genetically engineered
What are indications for immunization in children?
Diphtheria, Hib infection Hepatitis A or B Influenza A or B MMR pertussis, poliomyelitis, Rotavirus Tetras, varicella, pneumococcal
Indications for immunization of adolescent and adults
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis Rubella Population at high risk for specific disease Influenza annually Pneumonia vaccine q5yr
Contraindications for immunization?
During febrile illness During immune compromised drug therapy During immunodeficiency states Leukemia Lymphoma Generalized malignancy Pregnancy
Vaccine may help the immune compromised
Who recommends immunizations
CDC
American academy of pediatrics
American academy of family physicians
Local health department
What is hematopoiesis
Adequate blood cell production works with immune system
Impaired or inadequate hematopoiesis runs high risk of infection and cancer invasion
Medications that stimulate immune function
What are medications that stimulate immune function
Immunostimulants
Immunomodulators
Biological response modifiers
Colony stimulating factors
What are general characteristics of hematopoietic and Immunostimulant drugs?
Given subcutaneous or intravenously
Synthetic version of endogenous cytokines
In cancer interferons and interleukins thought to enhance immune cell activity
Adverse effect may make client feel no better hen before dministration
Hypersensitivity results in inability to use any of the drugs within category
Classifications and uses of hematopoietic and Immunostimulant drugs
Hematopoietic drugs
Colony stimulating factors
Interferons
Interleukins
Hematopoietic agents
Aernostat and pro quit
Treat anemia, especially patients with kidney failure and dditive agent with chemo
Increased hemoglobin causes increased red blood cell production and transfusion
What are colony stimulating factors
Neucogen, glucyne, neulasta,
Stimulate bone marrow which stimulated blood production
Good with bone marrow transplant and undergoing chemo
What are interferons?
Alpha1 an Alpha2 used in hepititis c patients, chronic hepititis, malignant melanoma
What are interleukines?
Proleukin
Stimulate cell immunity and inhibit tumor growth
Helpful in patient with skin cancer
What are immunosuppressant drugs?
Interefere with production and function if immune cells
Prevent immune system from targeting own body tissue for elimination
What are autoimmune disorders?
Occur when patients immune system does not distinguish between domestic and foreign cells
Immune or inflammatory response is in overdrive
Inflammatory disorders may be treated with immunosuppressant medications and corticosteroids
What is tissue and organ transplantation
Replacing dead host tissue with healthy donor tissue and n immunosuppresent drugs for life
Tissue/organs transplanted not on drugs for that long
Inadequate immunosuppressive: body rejects organ
Excessive immunosuppressive: severe infections
What are the different rejection reactions
Acute: 10 days - months. Treatment with drug useful but dont always prevent chronic rejection
Chronic: organ functioning just fine and suddenly rejection. Do not respond to drugs well.
What are anti rejection drugs?
Antibody preps
Alpha blocking agents like Humana and remicade
Orinca rheumatoid arthritis
Ceralomis is for kidney rejection
How are malignant cells different from normal cells?
They occupy space and use bodies blood and nutrients
Cells grow uncontrolled and need to know where it originated from
How does cancer develop
Genetic
Environment: smoking
What are hematologic malignancies
Involves bone, bone marrow and lymph tissue.
Lymphoma: occurs in lymph tissue. Would be Hodgekins or non-Hodgekins abnormal platelets in multiple myeloma
What are the different tumor stages?
Grades 1 & 2: cells found closely resemble cells from originating place
Grades 3 & 4: cells took little or nothing like place of orgin
Staging allows for treatment options, know how much it spread
What is antineoplastic drug therapy overview?
Chemotherapy: use of medication to treat cancer. Good for cancer but bad for body. Not cell specific
Most regimens involve combinations of drugs with differing cellular action
Drug resistance is a problem
Administered in cycles
Regimens managed by medical oncologists
What are general characteristic of traditional cytoxic antineoplastic drugs
Kill malignant cells by interfering with cell replication
Act during cells reproductive cycle
Most active against rapidly diving cells, normal and malignant
Each doe kills specific cell percent
Induce drug resistant malignant cells
Differing routes of administration
What are come adverse effects of traditional cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs?
Alopecia: hair loss Anemia Bleeding Fatigue Mucositis: bleed in gums Nausea and vomiting Neutropenia: good hygiene Thrombocytopenia: bleeding from lack of platelet May damage heart, liver,mkidney and nerves
What are indications of traditional cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs?
Cure neoplasticism disease
Relieve neoplasticism disease symptoms
Induce or maintain remissions
Treatment of no malignant conditions
How can you treat cancer?
Surgery, radiation or chemotherapy
What are safety precautions with cytotoxic antineoplastic medications?
Can effect every lifestyle process
Irritating to skin and mucous membrane
Do not administer injection medication until chemo certified.
Never hang drug unless verified by someone else
