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Pharmacology > Pharmacology Test 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Benzodiazepine drugs

A 
alprazolam (Xanax)
clorazepate (Tranxene) 
chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
clonazapam (Klonopin)
diazepam (Valium)
lorazepam (Ativan)
oxazepam (Serax)
  • first line of choice for treating anxiety
  • most used because consistantly effective, less likely to be abused, don’t interfere with other drug, don’t cause overdose, can be a suicidal drug
  • schedule IV drug
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1
Q

Neurotransmitters effected by Parkinson’s

A

Imbalance neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia

  • not enough dopamine
  • too much acetylcholine
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2
Q

Why do you give aspirin to a patient having a heart attack?

A

Aspirin inhibits the activity of platelets and therefore inhibits the growth of a blood clot

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3
Q

What drug do we never give to children and what does it cause?

A

Aspirin because causes Peye’s Syndrome

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4
Q

Migraine

  • drugs
  • how do they work
A

Migraines are caused by vasodilation causes headache so need vasoconstriction drug
Characteristic by periodic attack, nausea, increased sensitivity to light and sound
Caused by hormones or food

Drugs: NSAIDS, acetaminophen, opioids (severe pain)

Prevention: Triptans and ergot alkaloids. Extremely potent vasoconstrictors and increase blood pressure, never take within 24 hours of each other

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5
Q

What are the big problems it’s Tylenol?

A
  • acute or chronic overdose can result in liver damage or fatal liver necrosis
  • worse in those who abuse alcohol
  • overdose causes hepatoxicity, accidental or intentional
  • can be treated with gastric lavage and activated charcoal but does not fix the lover damage
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6
Q

Phenothiazines vs. nonphenothiazines

A
  • Phenothiazine:
    - long acting and potent
    - distributed to most body tissues
    - metabolized to liver, excreted in urine
    - don’t cause psychological dependence, especially if abruptly discontinued
    - sexual dysfunction, lower body temperature, gain weight, NMS
    - NMS: rare, potentially fatal, increase drug potency, intense muscle rigidity, increase agitation, delirium, renal and respiratory failure
  • nonphenothiazines:
    - have better side effects and less pyramidal effects
    - first line treatment
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7
Q

What are anxiolytics and what are they used for?

A
  • used mainly for the treatment of anxiety
  • increase action of GABA, highly lipid soluble and distributed in peripheral tissues easily
  • also used for insomnia, muscle spasms, seizures, depression
  • used 3-4 nights a week for no more then 3 weeks
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8
Q

Lithium

A
  • given for mania, bipolar disorder
  • cause vomit, diarrhea, fatigue
  • not metabolized, excreted by kidneys
  • well absorbed after oral administration
  • monitor serum concentrations frequently because narrow range between therapeutic and toxic
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9
Q

MAOI

A
  • isocarboxazid (Marplan)
  • pheneline (Nardil)
  • tranycypromine (Parnate)
  • selegile: newer transdermal patch seen in Parkinson’s
  • adverse effects: most stem from food interactions (tyramine), increase CNS depressants, potentially fatal
  • toxicity: organ systems, gastric lavage, urine acidification, hemodialysis, hypotensive drugs
  • breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine
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10
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A

Malignant hyperthermia is disease passed down through families that causes a fast rise in body temperature (fever) and severe muscle contractions when the affected person gets general anesthesia.

During an episode of malignant hyperthermia, wrapping the patient in a cooling blanket can help reduce fever and the risk of serious complications. Drugs such as dantrolene, lidocaine, or a beta-blocker drug can help with heart rhythm problem

Symptoms include: Bleeding, Dark brown urine, Muscle ache without an obvious cause, such as exercise or injury, Muscle rigidity and stiffness, Quick rise in body temperature to 105 degrees F or higher

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11
Q

How do you reverse benzodiazepine

A

Activated charcoal
Gastric lavage
Flumazenil is the antidote

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12
Q

What are the chemical mediators that cause inflammation?

A 
Bradykinin
Complement (anaphylaxis)
Cytokines
Histamine
Platelet-activating factor
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13
Q

NSAID use

A 
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
Inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
Relieve pain
Relieve fever
Anti platelet effect
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14
Q

NSAID contradictions

A 
Peptic ulcer disease
GI or other bleeding disorders
Impaired renal function
Hypersensitivity to ASA 
Chronic alcohol abuse
Children and adolescents
Pregnancy
Potential risk to fetus
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15
Q

Length of time for phenothiazines and nonphenothiazines to work

A

Phenothiazines: 30-60 minutes
Nonphenothiazines: 2 hours PO & 20-30 minutes IM

16
Q

Neurotransmitters affected Alzheimer’s

A
  • too little acetylcholine
17
Q

ABC of opioids

A

Airways
Breathing
Circulation

18
Q

What problems do drugs cause in elderly

A

Opioids: confusion, fall risk, respiratory depression, slow metabolism, confusio

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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