Pharmacology secondary Flashcards
Explain the mechanism of action of Levosimendan
Increase the sensitivity of troponin C fibers to Ca which improves myocardial contractility
What are the uses of Alpha methyl dopa?
Hypertension with pregnancy
Mild and moderate hypertension
What are 4 adverse effects of alpha methyl dopa?
Bradycardia
Postural hypotension
Sedation
Night mares
What are the uses of Clonidine?
Hypertension
Migraine headache prophylaxis
Used in morphine withdrawal
Explain the Na Nitroprusside mechanism of acion
Same as nitrates
Enumerate the Spironolactone therapeutic uses
Hyperaldosteronism
Refractory edema
Essential hypertension
In combination with thiazide
Therapeutic use of nitrates
All types of angina pectoris
Congestive heart failure
Acute myocardial infarction
Coronary by pass surgery
Mechanism of action of Calcium channel blocker
Block voltage of L calcium channel present in heart. They decrease calcium influx
Cardiac muscle inhibition
Arteriol VD
Give the uses of ACEI
Hypotension
Heart failure
Myocardial infarction to decrease the infraction size
Therapeutic uses of digitalis
patient with reduced ejection fraction HF
Atrial Fibrillation
Supra-ventricular tachycardia
Contraindication of digitalis
Sick sinus syndrome
Cardiac ischemia
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac ischemia
Mannitol Mechanism of action and uses
MOA: inhibits water reabsorption
Uses: Glucoma, to lower intracranial pressure
Explain the mechanism of action of Ivabradine
It selectively inhibits the cardiac pacemaker funny current that controls diastolic depolarization in sinus node.
4 Contraindications of Nitrates
Allergy to nitrates
Bradycardia under 50 BPM
Infraction of Rt ventricle
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Heparin uses
Deep venous thrombosis
Pulmonary embolism
cerebral thrombosis
myocardial infarction
Enumerate uses of neostigmine
Miotic in glaucoma
Paralytic ileus
Post-operative urine retention
Myasthenia gravis
Antidote to atropine toxicity
Enumerate the uses of Atropine
Counter act vagal tone during surgery
Decrease salivary and bronchial secretion
treatment of neostigmine and organophosphorus poising.
Fundus examination
Toxicity of atropine
Tachycardia
Mydriasis with blurred vision
Constipation and urine retention
Dry mouth and dry skin
Enumerate the contraindications of Atropine
Angina and arrhythmia
Glaucoma
Constipation and paralytic ileus
Senile enlargement of prostate (makes urine retention worst)
Enumerate the uses of Hyoscine
Parkinsonism
Motion sickness prophylaxis
Meniere’s disease
Discuss the therapeutic uses of adrenaline
Prolongation of local anesthetics
Acute Bronchial asthma
Anaphylactic shock
Cardiac resuscitation
Toxicity side effect of adrenaline
Hypertension
cerebral hemorrhage
Finger gangrene if give local anesthesia
Tachycardia
What are the actions of dopamine
Rate of infusion has different effect
Low rate: VD and decrease PR, and increase renal blood flow and urine output
Moderate rate: +ve ionotropic and +ve chrono tropic
High rate: Generalized VC
Therapeutic uses of Dopamine
In Cardiogenic, hemorrhagic and heart failure
Toxicity side effects of Dopamine
Ventricular arrhythmia
Nausea and vomiting
Rise in BP
Actions of Prazosin (Alpha- Blocker)
Vasodilation
Direct smooth muscle relaxation
VD action is not accompanied by reflex tachycardia since it is an selective alpha 1 blocker
Has mixed VD
Uses of Alpha-Blocker
Hypertension (used orally)
Heart failure (decrease both preload and afterload)
Side effects of Alpha-Blocker?
First does phenomenon gives postural hypotension
Dry mouth
Nausea vomiting
Allergy
CVS action of Beta-Blocker ?
-ve inotropic
-ve chronotropic
delays AV conduction
reduce heart work and O2 consumption
Mention three cardiac actions for digitalis.
Bradycardia
improve contractility
Decrease AV conduction
Explain why Beta blockers are not combined with digitalis therapy.
Because both digitalis and beta blockers cause bradycardia, it can result in dangerously low heart rate.
What are the disadvantages of Hydralazine (Vaso-dilator)?
Hypersensitivity
Upsets GIT
Contraindicated in Angina
Contraindicated in Kidney disease
Labetalol 3 uses
Hypertensive emergency
Hypertension in toxemia of pregnancy
Pheochromocytoma
what are the manifestations of digitalis toxicity?
Bradycardia
Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
