Pharmacology Overview Flashcards
Distinguish pharmacodynamics from pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics: Effect of body on drug
Pharmacokinetics: Effect of drug on body (ADME)
Identify 10 routes of administration
- Oral
- Intramuscular
- Subcutaneous
- Intravenous
- Buccal
Define buccal administration
Under the cheek
Define intrathecal administration
Into the spine (spinal theca)
Distinguish topical and transdermal administration, with en example
Topical = Local effect e.g. ibuprofen cream Transdermal = Systemic effect e.g. nicotine patches
What are the 4 elements of pharmacokinetics?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
How long does an oral drug take to absorb 75%?
1-3 hours
Drugs move around the body in two ways. _____Transfer such as blood transfer, or _____Transfer over short distances.
Bulk Flow Transfer; Diffusion Transfer
What is the main factor in passive diffusion?
Lipid solubility
Identify 4 action sites for drugs
- Receptors
- Enzymes
- Carriers
- Ion Channels
A drug bing to a protein creates the _________. This is a ______ structure. Administration of a 2nd protein bound drug can cause ________, causing ______.
Drug-protein complex; reversible; displacement of the previously bound drug; causing an increase in unbound drug concentration
What are 4 ways to cross cell membrane?
- Passive Diffusion = Concentration gradient
- Facilitated Diffusion = Carrier protein)
- Active Transport = ATP
- Pinocytosis = Molecule engulfed by cell membrane, creating vesicle
Only which compounds can readily cross the blood brain barrier?
Lipid soluble compounds
What are 4 types of effects of metabolism on drug?
- Activation of inactive drug
- Production of active drug with increased activity from active drug
- Inactivation of active drugs
- Change in the nature of the activity
Distinguish enzyme inducers and enzyme inhibitors
Inducers: Enhance liver enzyme production, faster rate of drug breakdown
Inhibitors: Inhibits enzyme production, reduced rate of drug breakdown
Which requires larger doses for drug for the clinical effect: enzyme inducers or enzyme inhibitors?
Enzyme inducers
Grapefruit juice is an enzyme ______. Tobacco is an enzyme ______.
Inhibitor; inducer
Define bioavailability
Proportion of dose which actually gets into systemic circulation
Define bioequivalence
Two or more chemically/pharmaceutically equivalent products product same bioavailability characteristics, without clinical problem
Define half life
Time taken for drug concentration to reduce by half
Poorer blood flow in elderly, low neonatal enzyme activity and hepatic damage impact what?
Drug elimination via the liver
In renal elimination, free drug enters the _________. Active secretion occurs at the _______. Blood then passes round the _______, and then to the Distal Tubule where ________ occurs.
Glomerular Filtrate; Proximal Tubule; Loop of Henle; passive reabsorption of lipid soluble drug
Distinguish agonist from antagonist
Agonist = Binds to receptor to initiate a response Antagonist = Binds to receptor to inhibit a response