Pharmacology Overview

Question 1

Distinguish pharmacodynamics from pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

Pharmacodynamics: Effect of body on drug
Pharmacokinetics: Effect of drug on body (ADME)

Question 2

Identify 10 routes of administration

Answer 2

• Oral
• Intramuscular
• Subcutaneous
• Intravenous
• Buccal

Question 3

Define buccal administration

Answer 3

Under the cheek

Question 4

Define intrathecal administration

Answer 4

Into the spine (spinal theca)

Question 5

Distinguish topical and transdermal administration, with en example

Answer 5

Topical = Local effect e.g. ibuprofen cream
Transdermal = Systemic effect e.g. nicotine patches

Question 6

What are the 4 elements of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 6

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 7

How long does an oral drug take to absorb 75%?

Answer 7

1-3 hours

Question 8

Drugs move around the body in two ways. _____Transfer such as blood transfer, or _____Transfer over short distances.

Answer 8

Bulk Flow Transfer; Diffusion Transfer

Question 9

What is the main factor in passive diffusion?

Answer 9

Lipid solubility

Question 10

Identify 4 action sites for drugs

Answer 10

• Receptors
• Enzymes
• Carriers
• Ion Channels

Question 11

A drug bing to a protein creates the _________. This is a ______ structure. Administration of a 2nd protein bound drug can cause ________, causing ______.

Answer 11

Drug-protein complex; reversible; displacement of the previously bound drug; causing an increase in unbound drug concentration

Question 12

What are 4 ways to cross cell membrane?

Answer 12

• Passive Diffusion = Concentration gradient
• Facilitated Diffusion = Carrier protein)
• Active Transport = ATP
• Pinocytosis = Molecule engulfed by cell membrane, creating vesicle

Question 13

Only which compounds can readily cross the blood brain barrier?

Answer 13

Lipid soluble compounds

Question 14

What are 4 types of effects of metabolism on drug?

Answer 14

1. Activation of inactive drug
2. Production of active drug with increased activity from active drug
3. Inactivation of active drugs
4. Change in the nature of the activity

Question 15

Distinguish enzyme inducers and enzyme inhibitors

Answer 15

Inducers: Enhance liver enzyme production, faster rate of drug breakdown

Inhibitors: Inhibits enzyme production, reduced rate of drug breakdown

Question 16

Which requires larger doses for drug for the clinical effect: enzyme inducers or enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 16

Enzyme inducers

Question 17

Grapefruit juice is an enzyme ______. Tobacco is an enzyme ______.

Answer 17

Inhibitor; inducer

Question 18

Define bioavailability

Answer 18

Proportion of dose which actually gets into systemic circulation

Question 19

Define bioequivalence

Answer 19

Two or more chemically/pharmaceutically equivalent products product same bioavailability characteristics, without clinical problem

Question 20

Define half life

Answer 20

Time taken for drug concentration to reduce by half

Question 21

Poorer blood flow in elderly, low neonatal enzyme activity and hepatic damage impact what?

Answer 21

Drug elimination via the liver

Question 22

In renal elimination, free drug enters the _________. Active secretion occurs at the _______. Blood then passes round the _______, and then to the Distal Tubule where ________ occurs.

Answer 22

Glomerular Filtrate; Proximal Tubule; Loop of Henle; passive reabsorption of lipid soluble drug

Question 23

Distinguish agonist from antagonist

Answer 23

Agonist = Binds to receptor to initiate a response
Antagonist = Binds to receptor to inhibit a response